新技術(shù)的回應(yīng)

我們的一項復(fù)雜設(shè)計于不久前建成，項目的基址是幾個已經(jīng)廢棄的或正在開采中的采石場。我們對其生態(tài)環(huán)境進(jìn)行了修復(fù)，并將它們轉(zhuǎn)換為園林博覽會中獨特的花園。項目的設(shè)計過程非常艱難，原因之一在于這些采石場的地貌破碎復(fù)雜且在不停地變化，而在我們拿到的地形圖上，這些采石坑的邊緣及碎石殘崖都只是一些亂線。現(xiàn)實中復(fù)雜的采石場三維空間被壓縮在二維平面的測繪圖上，根本無法反映地表的真實狀況。而沒有地表準(zhǔn)確的信息，任何思考、研究、設(shè)計和施工便沒有依托。為了獲得采石場全面的空間數(shù)據(jù)，我們通過無人機航拍掃描與相應(yīng)的軟件處理，得到了整個采石區(qū)域非常精準(zhǔn)的三維空間模型，并且根據(jù)需要可隨時安排無人機飛行掃描，實時更新。如此，無論采石場如何變化，我們都可以得到最新的數(shù)據(jù)，全方位地觀察與分析現(xiàn)場，這為我們詳實地研究現(xiàn)場提供了極大的幫助，更讓我們有條件從一開始就從空間上而不是從平面上來思考和著手設(shè)計，并且這一方法一直延續(xù)到施工圖階段。如果沒有這個空間模型，紙上的設(shè)計無法呈現(xiàn)，現(xiàn)場的建造更不能落地。經(jīng)過這次設(shè)計經(jīng)歷，我深深體會到新技術(shù)和手段給設(shè)計帶來的便利以及不同以往的設(shè)計可能，相信很多風(fēng)景園林師有過和我一樣的感受。

含有空間坐標(biāo)及高程的測繪圖紙是風(fēng)景園林規(guī)劃設(shè)計與研究工作的基礎(chǔ)。在上大學(xué)的時候，我們曾用一個學(xué)期學(xué)習(xí)如何使用經(jīng)緯儀和小平板進(jìn)行大地測量，并繪制出校園一個區(qū)域的現(xiàn)狀圖。近40年過去了，科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化，測量儀器和測繪手段也發(fā)生了巨大的變革。然而在今天的校園里，我卻時常能見到成組的學(xué)生仍然在用這種方法測繪校園。每當(dāng)這時，我都會產(chǎn)生極大的疑問，在如今的信息化和數(shù)字化時代，學(xué)生們還需要像我們當(dāng)年一樣，花費大量的時間學(xué)習(xí)這種傳統(tǒng)的測繪技術(shù)嗎？是教師們的知識領(lǐng)域跟不上時代的變化，還是教學(xué)體系的調(diào)整速度過慢，跟不上科技進(jìn)步的步伐？

今天，以移動互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)、云計算、大數(shù)據(jù)為特征的新一代信息技術(shù)正在深刻地改變著各行各業(yè)，也改變著我們身處的社會和每個人的生活。科技的發(fā)展已經(jīng)為很多傳統(tǒng)的行業(yè)帶來了新的發(fā)展路線和發(fā)展動力，帶來了無限可能。探討新一代信息技術(shù)在風(fēng)景園林中的應(yīng)用已經(jīng)成為行業(yè)研究和實踐的熱點。

在近幾年的規(guī)劃設(shè)計教學(xué)中，我每次都能看見研究生甚至本科生在場地的研究中運用一些大數(shù)據(jù)分析的方法，探討城市功能分布和公眾使用之間的關(guān)系，從而為自己的規(guī)劃或者設(shè)計設(shè)想提供客觀的依據(jù)。在風(fēng)景園林研究和實踐中，大數(shù)據(jù)已經(jīng)很大程度上代替了問卷調(diào)查，成為應(yīng)用廣泛的一種數(shù)據(jù)收集手段和分析研究方法，大數(shù)據(jù)也帶來了新的技術(shù)路線和思維方式。

目前，在建筑行業(yè)中，建筑信息模型（BIM）的實施應(yīng)用已越來越廣泛和深入，相信最終會促成建筑設(shè)計、建造和管理的一體化和信息化。雖然風(fēng)景園林行業(yè)有其自身的特殊性，并不能完全借用建筑信息化的方式，但是在智能化的時代的風(fēng)景園林行業(yè)中，風(fēng)景園林信息模型（LIM）的發(fā)展也一定是大勢所趨。

未來，地表環(huán)境的管理會越來越趨向數(shù)字化和信息化，信息技術(shù)的運用必然會更廣泛地深入到風(fēng)景園林的方方面面。新技術(shù)不僅為風(fēng)景園林師的工作帶來新的可能，優(yōu)化風(fēng)景園林師的工作方式，也會激發(fā)風(fēng)景園林師的創(chuàng)造性思維，推動新的設(shè)計思想、研究方法和理論體系的產(chǎn)生。無論在教學(xué)、研究和實踐中，我們都應(yīng)該回應(yīng)日新月異的技術(shù)進(jìn)步，以尋求解決愈發(fā)復(fù)雜和綜合問題的更加有效的途徑。

PREFACE

Response to the New Technology

A complex design of us was built recently, the site of the project is several quarries that have been abandoned or are under mining.We restored the ecological environment and converted them into unique gardens in the Garden Expo.The design process of the project was very difficult, one of the reasons is that the landform onsite is complex and constantly changing.But on the topographic maps we obtained, the edges of these quarries and cliffs were presented with just a few chaotic lines.The complex three-dimensional space of the quarry in reality is compressed onto a two-dimensional plane, thus it is impossible to reflect the true state of the land surface.No idea,research, design and construction could work without the accurate information of the landform.In order to acquire the comprehensive spatial data from the quarry, we scanned the quarry area through the drone aerial photography and performed with corresponding software processing, then a quite accurate three-dimensional model of the entire quarry area was obtained.And the drone flight scan could be redo at any time as needed in order to updated in real time.So, we can get the latest data no matter how the quarry landform changes, to conduct an all-round observation and analyzation.This has greatly helped us to study the site in detail, and access us with the conditions to think and start design from the spatial base rather than the plane base, and this method was used throughout the whole process until the construction stage.If there is no such space model, not only the design on paper cannot be realized but also the construction onsite could not be grounded.Through this design experience I deeply understand the convenience and wild possibilities brought by new technologies.I believe that many landscape architects have had the same feelings as so.

Landscape mapping with spatial coordinates and elevation on it is the working base for landscape planning and design.When I was in college, a semester’s course was assigned to learn how to use theodolite to go geodetic surveys and draw a map of the campus area.Nearly 40 years have passed, the science and technology have undergone earth-shaking changes, and the measuring instruments and mapping methods have also undergone tremendous transitions.However, groups of students still using this method to map campus today.Whenever this happens, I would have great doubts that in today’s information and digital era, do students still need to spend plenty of time learning this traditional mapping technology as we did in the past? Is the teacher’s field of knowledge unable to keep up with the changes of the times, or is the adjustment speed of the teaching system too slow to keep up with the pace of scientific and technological progress?

Today, a new era of information technology featuring mobile internet, social networking, cloud computing, and big data is profoundly transforming all walks of people’s life, and it also transforms the society in which we live.The development of science and technology has brought new routes and driving force for the development of many traditional industries, along with in finite possibilities.Exploring the application of new information technology in landscape architecture has become a hot spot in researches and practices of the discipline.

In the teaching of planning and design in recent years, I can see graduate students and even undergraduates using some big data analysis methods in site investigation to explore the relationship between urban function distribution and public use, thereby providing an objective basis for their own planning or design ideas.In the research and practice of landscape architecture, big data method has largely replaced the questionnaire survey and has become a widely used data collection method and analytical research method,bringing new technical route and thinking mode.

At present, in the discipline of architecture, the implementation and application of Building Information Modeling (BIM) has become more and more extensive and in-depth, which I believe would eventually lead to the integration and informatization of architectural design, construction and management.Although the landscape discipline has its own particularities, and it is not possible to fully borrow the means of building informationization.But in the era of intelligence, the development of Landscape Information Modeling (LIM) must also be the general trend.

In the future, the management of the land surface environment will become more and more digital and informatized, and the use of information technology will inevitably integrated into all aspects of the industry.New technologies not only bring new possibilities to the work of landscape architects and optimize the way we work, it will also stimulate the creative thinking and promote the creation of new design ideas, research methods and theoretical systems.We should respond to the ever-changing technological advances, whether in teaching, research, and practice, to find a more effective way to solve the increasingly complex and comprehensive problems.

Translator: WANG Xiyue

Chief Editor: Prof.Dr-Ing.WANG Xiangrong

April 25th, 2019