20年的“KLEKs”—德國基于志愿參與的歷史性文化景觀要素數據庫的建立

著：（德）邁克·施托克曼（德）伊爾可·馬紹爾 譯：孔洞一

在經濟、社會和文化發展過程中，往往有一些并不那么明顯的景觀要素細節，使得景觀呈現出它們各自不同的“面孔”。比如，泥灰巖洞穴、冰窖、石鋪街、紀念石、石砌墻或頭形樹等①（圖1）。《德國國家自然保護法》②、《德國國家空間規劃法》③以及各個州的相關法規，都規定了對“歷史性文化景觀”的保護[1]。而現實中的情況往往是隨著道路修建、居住區拓展、土地整合和土地利用性質變更等建造活動，越來越多的歷史性文化景觀要素正在消亡。造成這樣情況的原因很多，而對這些文化景觀要素的認知缺失和價值評判失誤是其重要原因之一。特別是在鄉村地區，歷史性物質要素的消亡可能引起景觀多樣性和特性的喪失，從而使得景觀的可識別性顯著降低。

2000年的歐盟部長會議通過了《歐洲景觀公約》，并將其作為成員國的簽字協議而執行。《歐洲景觀公約》采用整體思考方法，將景觀理解為人類棲息地的一部分，表達其作為文化和自然遺產二者統一的多樣性，并且以此新景觀概念的定義作為區域風貌的可識別性的理論基礎。而這一界定，使得景觀的概念，在某些方面與德國普遍實行的自然保護實踐發生了沖突。后者只專注于實現生態目標，而往往忽略了景觀的文化歷史維度。而“歷史性文化景觀”的概念，則符合《歐洲景觀公約》所要求的一個整體的景觀保護目標，即綜合考慮自然、歷史、文化和生態等因素，來評價景觀狀態和潛力的要求[2]。

1 圖林根特色文化景觀元素舉例An example of a cultural landscape element in Thuringia1-1 魏瑪市Niedergrunstedt區的地窖Cellar in Niedergrunstedt District, Weimar City1-2 Frienstedt的饅頭柳Pollarded willows in Frienstedt

2 KLEKs編輯器2005版本主界面Main interface of the KLEKs Editor version 2005

1 文化景觀要素收集系統“KLEKs”的創建和發展過程

對景觀的歷史文化維度方面的分析研究，有很多途徑。歷史性文化景觀要素的概念，為景觀的現狀表述、價值評估和規劃實踐提供了良好的可操作方式。目前在德國也存在多種與之相對應的分類和收集體系。其中，最全面的歷史性文化景觀要素數據系統之一是“KLEKs”。它擁有迄今超過30萬的文化景觀要素數據庫。

KLEKs系統最初是1999年在新勃蘭登堡應用科學大學的景觀保護專業的教學項目中開始建立的（表1）。當時的背景是：1997年開始的德國梅克倫堡—前波莫瑞州的國家支持的鄉村聯盟“就業創新項目”中，需要對眾多的縣鄉范圍的歷史性文化景觀要素進行收集和歸檔的工作。其專業方面的技術支持，是由新勃蘭登堡應用科學大學的師生們承擔的。在此之前的幾年中，遺產協會“Landesheimatverband”以紙質文件記錄了各種歷史元素，遵循W?bse提供的方法。當時的數據還都是采用軟盤或者CD-Rom來儲存的。其中KLEKs系統編輯器作為Windows 98/XP桌面應用程序的第一次編程，是由Maik St?ckmann先生完成。而第一批KLEKs數據集，最終也作為學生學期項目成果來展現。同時，KLEKs編輯器也被提供給對此感興趣的鄉村研究者。他們使用手頭收集的數據，如眾多里程碑或老磨坊的位置、信息和圖片等，來利用編輯器自助登記（圖2）。他們當中的一些鄉土歷史專家，往往對當地的歷史性文化景觀要素有廣泛而深刻的認知。對這些鄉土專家所提供知識的登記也是非常重要的。到了2000年的時候，梅克倫堡—前波莫瑞州境內已經有大概6 000個文化景觀要素在數據庫里被登入。接著，KLEKs系統也逐漸地向著德國其他的州和地區推廣擴展。2004年，KLEKs系統收錄了超過2萬個要素信息。2009年，系統的數據庫存量已突破了19萬個文化景觀要素信息，其中包含大約1.5萬個簡述性文稿和3萬張照片（圖3）。

2 研究方法

KLEKs概念的出發點，最初是根據W?bse在1997年所倡議的“建立景觀要素登記表”的想法而發展起來的。W?bse希望對于一些特別的景觀要素的收集進行規范化界定[3]。這些要素既不嚴格屬于自然保護的范疇，也不完全屬于文化遺產保護的范疇。而事實證明，這個想法在實踐中難以實現，原因有2個。1）自然保護與文化遺產保護自身并沒有明確地界定哪些種類的要素與之相關。例如，散生石，在梅克倫堡—前波莫瑞州的自然保護法規里規定，只有當其表面覆蓋了自然原生植被的情況下，才算作保護要素，而無視其可能存在的古老的歷史文化價值。在梅克倫堡—前波莫瑞州，工業時代以前的“木炭窯址”也沒有系統性的收集，只有當它十分特別或者和古老的考古發現相關的時候才會被注意到。2）許多項目參與者也將他們的觀察與對整個文化景觀的歷史增長結構的探索聯系起來，以探求對文化景觀的整體有更好的理解。所以，局限的“抽屜里的想法”（德語諺語，不開放的思維）是沒有效果的。為了能夠描繪和研究歷史性文化景觀要素的關系結構，有必要拓展方法論，不僅包括W?bse所列出的景觀元素類型，還應包括建筑和自然遺跡、地質元素以及今天不再存在的景觀特征和景觀元素（圖4）。

表1 KLEKs系統發展的時間過程Tab.1 Chronology of the development of KLEKs system

在KLEKs框架下，基于功能領域劃分的景觀要素類型發展起來。下面是一個歷史性文化景觀要素“Galgenberg”的數據登記表，它被上面所說的功能類型劃分為“權力政治”類（圖5）。

長期以來，KLEKs的幾個合作伙伴一直在尋求對系統的優化。其中最重要的是“致力于開發適用于整個德國的統一標準的分類規則和具有移動終端功能的登錄系統”[4]。雖然，目前該計劃因缺乏必要的資金而進展緩慢，但KLEKs一直在探索使用更加優化的系統和分類標準。

3 KLEKs編輯器和KLEKs數據庫

除了Windows應用程序的KLEKs編輯器之外，KLEKs還特別支持一個可網絡編輯的中央地理數據庫，并同時擁有這個網絡編輯器的本地數據庫副本。人們可以利用這個網絡編輯器執行離線數據錄入，即使在田野調查中使用GPS終端輸入也是可以的。新的信息記錄會自動與服務器數據庫同步更新。KLEKs編輯器將專業地理信息系統的優勢與普通桌面應用程序的簡單性相結合，而無須用戶熟悉復雜的專業程序。任何人都可以在很短的時間內輕松找到應用程序并使用它。交互式地圖可以搭建起用戶與信息系統之間的圖形界面。文化景觀要素可以通過點、線和面的空間形態被表現出來。這樣的幾何圖形（點線面）信息會被鏈接到專題信息庫。基于互聯網，地圖中的要素顯示為一種超鏈接形態，并可附加描述性文本和其他的信息。可根據內容、空間、時間等維度來排列（所錄入的）元素信息。

信息庫清單包含3個相關的信息級別：

1）具有地理形態和基本數據的核心數據庫。例如（景觀）類型和（歷史）年代。

2）具體的不同專業視角的信息數據、評價標準、登記表格等。

3）包含文本和照片的HTML文件。該項目主要用于環境教育和旅游規劃[5]。

基于軟件開發框架VisualBasic 6而發展出來的KLEKs 2014編輯器，不再完全兼容目前的Windows 8/10操作系統，因而必須被淘汰。于是，目前只有KLEKs-Online網絡編輯器可用（圖6）。而對于Android系統的KLEKs應用程序計劃的新研發成果，能夠保障KLEKs在田野調查中現場離線使用。但遺憾的是目前這項研發項目沒有找到足夠的資金支持。

3 利用專業GPS儀器在田野里收集文化景觀數據Collect cultural landscape data in the fields with a professional GPS device

4 KLEKs在規劃上的應用

將歷史性文化景觀在城市和區域規劃實踐應用中的困難，主要存在于：歷史性文化景觀要素的收集、評估及其規劃應用過程是一個花費巨大且非常耗時間的過程。此外，對規劃區域、信息來源和文獻研究的反復檢查，也超出了常規緊張的規劃時間。對文化景觀要素的評估需要對規劃區域的自然和歷史特征有新的認識。同時，通常可用的官方數據中存在不充分和缺失的信息。而KLEKs則可以幫助建立一個把自然和文化古跡的官方數據與社會和公民科學家的集合結合起來的數據系統，從而最大限度地降低景觀規劃的數據采集成本。從這個意義上，KLEKs從一開始就被設計為數據庫和操作工具。不幸的是，到目前為止，KLEKs還沒有持續的融資。由于迄今為止很少得到國家支持，并且也缺乏必要的財政支持，使得數據庫目前尚未健全。

而“文化遺產”與新的歐盟環境影響評估指標，都在《歐盟遺產保護法》里有所體現。根據該法令第三款第1條d項，“特征實體，文化遺產和景觀是必須作為影響特定保護項目的直接和間接因素而被徹底評估”。這里的“文化遺產”評估，也是指針對環境的影響評估衍生的工具和程序[6]。

5 KLEKs在圖林根州的應用和現狀

然而，歷史性文化景觀要素的數據庫目前仍然主要是基于“志愿參與”的項目來收集的。在KLEKs框架內的高校教學項目也是“志愿參與”的一種形式。目前包括圖林根州在內的德國各個州的KLEKs項目也都是如此。在高校教學項目下，可以根據學生和研究者的興趣，在一定的主題下，來對一些小范圍的文化景觀要素集群和類型進行研究（圖7）。

KLEKs系統的應用的一個重要項目是：在埃爾夫特應用科學大學景觀專業的教學課程計劃支持下建設的“圖林根文化景觀網站”④。在本科階段的課程里，就已經設置了KLEKs系統的介紹。在碩士階段，學生定期對某個主題下的研究區域內的要素，進行采集和繪圖工作。最終的期末成果，學生會在KLEKs數據庫的管理員的輔導下，以標準化的格式將信息錄入到系統中。碩士課程階段，又有更加深入的關于文化景觀要素的價值評估和其規劃應用方面的內容。例如，文化景觀游憩道路規劃或者文化景觀標識牌設計。因此，KLEKs系統的應用，目前已經是埃爾夫特應用科學大學的景觀規劃學科必不可少的教學內容之一。

6 總結

就像維基百科一樣，KLEKs是一個基于GIS平臺的地理信息收集的查詢工具和數據庫。所有的人，包括每個公民、研究人員和規劃師都可以同樣地享有它的使用權利。與德國其他州的同類數據庫（例如北萊茵—威斯特法倫州的KuLaDig或下薩克森州的ADABweb）相比，它并非專門為政府和官方設計的數據庫。它的信息來源也非常多樣化，例如有來自文化遺產名錄的清單，有來自當地歷史學家、鄉村協會的資料檔案，也有來自規劃設計事務所的信息。各種歷史性文化景觀要素的信息、文字和圖片等相關數據都可以作為收集和錄入對象。實時的數據庫也可以被修改和補充。因此，一個完成的歷史性文化景觀要素信息的建立可能是一種社會協助過程：當地的一位歷史學家在數字地圖上標注了一個新的文化景觀要素，而一位博物館工作人員來補充這個要素的背景文本描述，然后景觀規劃事務所的人員來添加實地調研中拍攝的照片，并根據設計標準來評估要素。通過KLEKs，可以實現全面而完整的歷史性文化景觀要素數據庫的建立。它通過廣泛的潛在社會協同來節約成本，并允許通過網絡公共訪問來不斷增長和改進數據信息⑤。同時，KLEKs數據庫支持每個數據字段的多語言分隔條目，并且所有使用的術語以英語并行存儲。然而，應該強調的是，造成KLEKs如此規模的決定性因素是網絡普及和迄今為止的大量志愿者的參與。而目前在德國的政府資助下的歷史性文化景觀收集數據庫項目，以及相關有公共資助的數據維護，也只有在大學這樣的機構里可以生存。

注釋：

① 泥灰巖洞穴、冰窖、石鋪街、紀念石、石砌墻或頭形樹是幾種德國中部典型的文化景觀要素（譯者注）。

② 《德國國家自然保護法》，德文：Das deutsche Bundesnaturschutzgesetz。

③ 《德國國家空間規劃法》，德文：Das Bundesraumordnungsgesetz。

④ 引自 http://www.kulturlandschaft.fh-erfurt。

⑤ 引自 https://www.kleks.app/。

⑥ 圖1來自伊爾可 馬紹爾，圖2來自KLEKs網站，圖3來自Roland Weber，圖4、6來自邁克 施托克曼，圖5來自KLEKs編輯器2010版，圖7來自圖林根州報的Frank Karmeyer；表1來自邁克 施托克曼。

（編輯/劉玉霞）

4 所收集數據的科學化重組Scientific reorganization of collected data

5 KLEKs編輯器要素表，2010年登入Element form of the KLEKs Editor, accessed in 2010

The inconspicuous evidence of economic,social and cultural development—such as marl pits,ice cellars, cobblestone streets, memorial stones,rock walls or head trees①—often give landscapes their true identity (Fig.1).The German Federal Nature Conservation Act②, the Federal Spatial Planning Act③and the laws of the federal states provide for the protection of historically evolved cultural landscapes[1].In practice, this often fails.Most of the historic cultural landscape elements are disappearing due to urban sprawl in the form of traffic infrastructure, settlement expansion, land consolidation and change of land use patterns.There are many reasons that play a major role in the lack of the appreciation of such elements.Particularly in rural regions, the loss of historical substance can significantly reduce the diversity and peculiarity of the landscape.

The Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe adopted the European Landscape Convention (ELC) in 2000 and opened it for signature by the member states.The ELC takes a holistic approach and understands landscapes as part of the human habitat, as an expression of a diversity of their common cultural and natural heritage and as the basis of their identity.This is partly contrary to nature protection practice in Germany that is focusing on the implementation of ecological goals and often neglecting the cultural-historic dimension of the landscape.The protection of historic, cultural landscapes responds to the goals of an integrated landscape protection strategy.Therefore, the protection measures as required by ELC consider and evaluate the potentials of a landscape on the basis of its natural,historical, cultural and ecological characteristics[2].

1 Beginnings and chronological development of the cultural landscape element cadastre KLEKs

There are various approaches to the historicalcultural dimension of the landscape that represents a more or less operable way for stocktaking, evaluation,and planning process.However, there are only a handful of approaches to digital data collection.The most comprehensive of all the inventory is “KLEKs” which has over 300,000 recorded information about the cultural landscape elements that are present in the country.Subsequently, the database was introduced with the foundation stone laid in 1999, coincidently in a student project at the University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg(the acronym KLEKs stands for “Kulturlandschaft selementekataster”—in English “Cultural landscape element cadastre”).In the years before, various historical elements were documented by the heritage society “Landesheimatverband” in paper-based files following the methodology provided by W?bse[3].The University was asked for support and guidance.As a result, the first “KLEKs Editor” was developed and introduced by student Maik St?ckmann as a desktop application for Windows 98/XP.The data collation was done by floppy disk and CD-Rom.

Consequently, the first KLEKs datasets were created as part of a student project assignment (Tab.1).Simultaneously, the database was also made available to interested local researchers and associations to integrate their knowledge by entering more records, for example,mill sites, milestones etc (Fig.2).The citizen scientists often have knowledge about specific historic landscape elements.As local experts, they are of great importance for the collation of cadastre data.

Almost 6,000 cultural landscape elements were entered in the database by the year 2000,primarily for the federal state of Mecklenburg/Western Pomerania.In the following period, the KLEKs application was extended to other federal states and regions in Germany.Finally, by the year 2004, the KLEKs database contained more than 20,000 elements and by early 2009 had over 190,000 landscape features, about 15,000 further descriptive texts and 30,000 photos (Fig.3).

6 組件和數據流Components and data flow

7 埃爾夫特應用科技大學開放日上的KLEKs應用演示，2018KLEKs application presentation in the Open Day of University of Applied Sciences in Erfurt, 2018

2 Collection methodology

The inception of the KLEKs was initially the methodical proposal of a paper-based element mapping form propagated by W?bse[3].W?bse wanted to limit the collection to objects, which were previously neither protected by natural means of conservation nor by the preservation of monuments.This methodology proved to be a difficult task to implement in practice for a couple of reasons.Likewise, nature conservationist and monument preservationists had no clarity about the objects relevant to them.Thus, for example,according to the nature conservation law in Mecklenburg/Western Pomerania, stone cairns and bars are only protected if they belong to the natural field hedges, regardless of their possibly age-related cultural-historical value.Pre- and early industrial charcoal kiln sites are not systematically recorded by the archaeological authority unless they are related to older archaeological finds.

Simultaneously, there are many actors involved to explore the historically grown structure of the cultural landscape in a more holistic dimension.In order to characterize and investigate the interactions between cultural-historical landscape elements, it became necessary to expand the methodology.Further, it includes the landscape elements as listed by W?bse and also incorporates the existing architectural and natural monuments.The list also features past elements that no longer exist today.The possible fields of application have been extended, compared to W?bse’s list so that scientific and planning questions can be timely answered (Fig.4).

As part of the KLEKs, a typology of landscape elements was developed, structured according to function-based topics.Thus, a historical“Gallow place” as in the example below is assigned to the function type (“Place of execution”, Fig.5).

The collaboration of associate partners of KLEKs made it necessary to constantly extend the typology.The pragmatic addition of terms over the years resulted in a cluttered grown system that has to be optimized.Therefore, a project was planned, to standardize the overall system of historic landscape element data collection and typology throughout Germany[4].Unfortunately, it was not possible to acquire the necessary funding.Therefore, a very pragmatic and certainly further optimizing typology will continue to be used.

3 KLEKs database and KLEKs Editor

KLEKs consists of a central server-based geodatabase with an Internet-based communication interface called “KLEKs API”.It is built upon LINUX, Apache, PHP and PostgreSQL/PostGIS,where JSON datatypes are extensively used as a supplement to classic relational database structures.The KLEKs Editor uses the KLEKs API to download the object-oriented records from the server and set up a local copy of the central geodatabase.New or modified records are later uploaded to the server database.This allows of fline usages such as field surveys by pairing the KLEKs Editor with a GNSS receiver (Fig.3).The captured data is later automatically synchronized with the server database.Older versions of existing records are archived and can be restored if necessary.Possible conflicts are reported to the administrators.The KLEKs Editor, on the other hand, combines a professional geographic information system with an intuitive user interface.So the user can conveniently understand the application in a short period of time without a special course[5].

Since the KLEKs Editor was developed using“Visual Basic 6” hence the software development framework is no longer compatible with current Windows operating systems, the KLEKs Editor therefore had been shut down in 2014.Instead, the web-based KLEKs Online Editor was introduced.Unfortunately, the planned redevelopment of a KLEKs App could not be realized due to lack of funds, so of fline applications are currently not possible (Fig.6).

4 Use of KLEKs in planning process

There are difficulties to consider historical cultural landscape elements as an important aspect in the regional and municipal planning practice,especially because the collection and assessment of the data is a very expensive process.Moreover, the repeated inspections of the planning areas, sources and literature studies exceed the time available for urgent planning.The assessment of cultural landscape elements requires fresh knowledge about the natural and the historical character of the planning region.At the same time, there is inadequate and missing information in the usually available data.That’s why KLEKs can help to combine the official data of natural and cultural monuments with the collections of societies and citizen scientists and in this way minimize the data acquisition costs for landscape planning.

Unfortunately, until now there is no continuous financing for KLEKs.Above all “cultural heritage”is an important protective measure for EU law.The present EU Environmental Impact Assessment Directive in Article 3 (1) (d) elucidates “physical assets,cultural heritage, and landscape” as factors which have a direct and indirect significant impact on the project and hence must be thoroughly evaluated.This is an impact assessment derivative and procedure done for the environment[6].

5 Status and application of the KLEKs in Thuringia

It is important to note that many of these historical cultural landscape element data sets are currently compiled on a voluntary basis and are confined to student projects.Although, the framework of the KLEK is absolutely comprehensive for Thuringia region.Consequently, the volunteers and researchers of cultural landscape focus on specific topics and elements that are recognizable based on the knowledge and interests (Fig.7).

The KLEKs application is as well part of the cultural landscape education of the Bachelor and Master Degree program in Landscape Architecture at the University of Applied Sciences Erfurt④.In the Bachelor's course, the students are already introduced to cultural landscape analysis.During the Master program, students regularly map a certain section of an area,which is usually placed in a thematic context of mapping.The results are entered by the students in a qualified form with the help of supervisors in the KLEKs database.Furthermore, the projects done at Master level, serve to the valorization of selected elements and areas in the context of the development of “cultural landscape experience trails”, “information boards” etc.

However, the active use of the KLEKs has become an indispensable part of the education system of landscape architects in Erfurt.

6 Summary

Like Wikipedia, KLEKs is a database with GIS-based information and query tools.The system is equally usable by citizens, researchers,and planners.In contrast to other solutions in Germany (e.g.KuLaDig in North Rhine-Westphalia or ADABweb in Lower Saxony), it is not designed as an official database.It contains information from various sources, such as monument lists, local historians, associations and landscape planning of fices.The information is based on texts and photos of diverse historic cultural landscape elements.The records are stored object-oriented, existing data records can be modified, while older record versions are archived.That opens the possibility for a local historian to draw a new landscape element on the digital map, a museum employee to complete a description of the story, and a landscape planning office to add a photo taken in the field while doing surveys and also to evaluate the element according to the design criteria.With KLEKs a comprehensive and complete inventory of historical cultural landscape elements can be achieved.By taking advantage of the potential synergies and by saving costs, it allows access to an extensive, constantly growing and improved database⑤.It should be emphasized that the KLEKs database supports multi-language separated entries as per data field and all terms used are already stored simultaneously in English.

However, the critical factor of the network relies on the number of volunteers.Unfortunately,the funding for the mapping of historical cultural landscape elements, as well as publicly funded data maintenance by universities is not done yet.

Notes:

① Mergelgruben(marl pits), Eiskeller(ice cellars)und Kopfsteinpflasterstra?en(cobblestone streets),Gedenksteine(memorial stones), Lesesteinw?lle oder Kopfb?ume(rock walls or head trees).

② German: Das deutsche Bundesnaturschutzgesetz.

③ German: Das Bundesraumordnungsgesetz.

④ ?http://www.kulturlands·chaft.fh-erfurt.

⑤ ?https://www.kleks.app/.

⑥ Fig.1?Marschall, Fig.2?KLEKs website, Fig.3?Roland Weber, Fig.4, 6?Maik St?ckmann, Fig.5?KLEKs Editor 2010, Fig.7?Frank Karmeyer, TLZ; Tab.1?Maik St?ckmann.