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口腔鱗狀細胞癌腫瘤微環境細胞間相互作用的研究進展

2019-10-09 12:11:12曹娟劉可可劉璐瑤張雯雯李波董春玲
中國醫藥導報 2019年20期

曹娟 劉可可 劉璐瑤 張雯雯 李波 董春玲

[摘要] 口腔鱗狀細胞癌(OSCC)腫瘤微環境(TME)中包括腫瘤細胞、腫瘤相關巨噬細胞(TAMs)、腫瘤相關成纖維細胞(CAFs)、內皮細胞等。在OSCC的發生、發展過程中,腫瘤細胞產生某些物質影響TAMs和CAFs的募集、分化、活化等行為,TAMs和CAFs分泌細胞因子促進腫瘤細胞增殖、侵襲、轉移等活動,它們之間的交互作用形成了有利的TME,在腫瘤發生發展的各個階段起重要作用。本文就腫瘤細胞分別與TAMs和CAFs的交互作用以及CAFs對TAMs的作用的最新進展作一綜述。

[關鍵詞] 口腔鱗狀細胞癌;腫瘤相關巨噬細胞;腫瘤相關成纖維細胞;腫瘤微環境

[中圖分類號] R739.8? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2019)07(b)-0045-04

Advances in research on cell-cell interactions in oral squamous cell carcinoma tumor microenvironment

CAO Juan1? ?LIU Keke1? ?LIU Luyao1? ?ZHANG Wenwen1? ?LI Bo1? ?DONG Chunling2

1.Experimental Teaching Center, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Jilin Province, Changchun? ?130021, China; 2.Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin Province, Changchun? ?130041, China

[Abstract] Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tumor microenvironment (TME) includes tumor cells, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumor-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and endothelial cells. During the occurrence and development of OSCC, tumor cells produce certain substances that affect the recruitment, differentiation and activation of TAMs and CAFs. TAMs and CAFs secrete cytokines to promote tumor cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis and other activities. The interaction between them forms a favorable TME, which plays an important role in the various stages of tumorigenesis and development. This article reviews the recent advances in the interaction of tumor cells with TAMs and CAFs and the role of CAFs in TAMs.

[Key words] Oral squamous cell carcinoma; Tumor-associated macrophages; Cancer-associated fibroblasts; Tumor microenvironment

口腔鱗狀細胞癌(OSCC)是一種源自口腔上皮的惡性腫瘤,占所有形式的頭頸部癌癥的95%,5年生存率接近50%。研究[1]表明,OSCC入侵期間,腫瘤細胞在鄰近基質中誘導一系列修飾,促進由細胞外基質支架、血管結構和包括成纖維細胞、免疫細胞、炎癥細胞、肥大細胞、脂肪細胞、肌肉細胞等細胞組成的腫瘤微環境(TME)形成。TME影響腫瘤發生發展過程具有一定廣度和復雜性,本文集中討論OSCC腫瘤細胞、TAMs和CAFs三者間的交互作用,反映其復雜聯系。

1 腫瘤細胞與腫瘤相關巨噬細胞的交互作用

腫瘤相關巨噬細胞(TAMs)是TME中的主要免疫細胞,在OSCC發生發展中具有重要作用。它可分為M1和M2兩種表型,M1型巨噬細胞對腫瘤細胞表現出細胞毒性,而M2型巨噬細胞促進腫瘤發展[2],且隨著腫瘤的發展M1型逐漸向M2型轉化,因此最近將M2型巨噬細胞稱為TAMs,其表達特定標記如CD163和CD204[3]。

腫瘤細胞可影響巨噬細胞的極化過程。巨噬細胞攝取從OSCC細胞釋放的含THBS1的外泌體,參與巨噬細胞極化為M1型[4],而OSCC細胞產生的白細胞介素-1(IL-1)、IL-4、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10和長生停滯特異性蛋白-6(Gas-6),促巨噬細胞轉化為M2型[5]。已知趨化因子CCL2有利于TME募集的單核細胞向M2型轉化,在THP1細胞與OSCC細胞系CAL27共培養體系中,CAL27表達上調的基質細胞衍生因子-1α(SDF-1α)和CCL2,分別與THP1細胞表達的受體CXCR4和CCR2作用,促進其向M2型巨噬細胞轉化[6]。此外,腫瘤細胞可通過TAMs影響血管生成,TGF-β1過表達可增強轉基因小鼠炎癥和血管生成[7],CAL27分泌TGF-β1,激活TGF-β1/TβRII/Smad3信號通路,刺激TAMs分泌血管內皮生長因子(VEGF),促進血管生成[8]。

TAMs可引起腫瘤細胞形態改變。AMs產生的表皮生長因子(epidermal growth factor,EGF)調控腫瘤細胞侵襲性偽足形成[9-10],THP1細胞與CAL27共培養實驗中,THP1來源的TAMs高表達EGF,促進了OSCC細胞侵襲性偽足形成[6]。TAMs可誘發腫瘤細胞上皮間質轉化(epithelial mesenchymal transition,EMT),減少細胞黏附,以增加癌細胞的運動性[11-12],導致OSCC的侵襲[13]。Piril?覿等[14]報道,與OSCC細胞系HSC-3細胞共培養的M2巨噬細胞增加了EGF、TGF-β的表達,EGF和TGF-β信號通路的激活引發癌細胞的EMT[15-16],而在頭頸部鱗狀細胞癌(HNSCC)中,TAMs釋放的表皮生長因子(EGF)與其腫瘤細胞上的受體EGFR結合,激活信號調節蛋白激酶1/2(ERK1/2)信號通路,引起腫瘤細胞EMT[17]。

2 腫瘤細胞與腫瘤相關成纖維細胞的交互作用

各種成纖維細胞表型中,與腫瘤細胞相關的活化成纖維細胞被稱為腫瘤相關成纖維細胞(CAFs),CAFs幾乎存在于所有實體腫瘤組織中,并在癌癥的惡性進展中發揮重要作用[18]。CAFs在OSCC進展中起關鍵作用[19],CAFs可以促進腫瘤的增殖、侵襲、血管生成、轉移和化學抗性[20-21],腫瘤細胞和CAFs的相互作用被認為有利于促進腫瘤細胞生長和侵襲的TME形成[2]。

在TME中,成纖維細胞的分化和活化由各種刺激引起,HNSCC細胞來源的TGF-β1、TGF-β3、TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6介導正常成纖維細胞轉變為CAFs[2]。研究[22]證實,OSCC腫瘤細胞衍生的TGF-β誘導人牙齦成纖維細胞轉分化成CAF樣細胞。OSCC細胞分泌含有Lnc-CAF的外泌體到基質成纖維細胞中,促進Lnc-CAF水平的上調以激活CAFs[23]。腫瘤細胞也可影響CAFs的代謝活動,活化的成纖維細胞刺激OSCC分泌的IL-1β,促進CAFs糖酵解增強,產生大量乳酸,乳酸被癌細胞利用,促進其快速生長[24]。

CAFs分泌細胞因子影響腫瘤發展。CAFs與OSCC細胞系共培養時,CAFs中CCL2表達增強,同時增強細胞內源性活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的產生,刺激腫瘤細胞中細胞周期進展蛋白的表達,促進腫瘤細胞增殖、遷移和侵襲[25]。CAFs衍生的IL-6作用于腫瘤細胞,經骨橋蛋白-NF-κB信號通路促進HNSCC的增殖、遷移和侵襲[26]。此外,人舌鱗狀細胞癌的CAFs較相應的正常成纖維細胞分泌較高量的SDF-1[27],且CXCR4在HNSCC腫瘤巢中高表達,但在腫瘤基質中沒有表達[28],SDF-1/CXCR4軸促進腫瘤細胞增殖和遷移,誘導HNSCC細胞的EMT和基質金屬蛋白酶(MMPs)產生[29],參與了HNSCC的淋巴結轉移。

外泌體是腫瘤侵襲的重要介質[30-32],CAFs產生的含有非編碼長鏈RNA(lncRNA)的外泌體影響腫瘤細胞,CAFs的lncRNA-CAF(lnc-CAF)顯著上調,再進一步上調IL-33以激活CAFs,支持OSCC腫瘤細胞生長[23],誘導腫瘤細胞EMT介導的侵襲[33]。CAFs也可通過富含特異性的分泌蛋白促進OSCC發生[34-35],上調細胞外基質中骨膜蛋白,與腫瘤細胞表面的整合素相互作用,從而激活PI3K-AKT信號通路并刺激腫瘤細胞的生長、遷移和侵襲[36]。

3 腫瘤相關成纖維細胞對腫瘤相關巨噬細胞的作用

TAMs和CAFs是TME中主要組成細胞,CAFs和腫瘤細胞釋放的大量微環境因子可能是TAM極化和功能的主要決定因素[37]。CAFs誘導的細胞也顯示其CD80和CD86表達水平的顯著增加,提示CAFs誘導的巨噬細胞是包含M2和M1的異質細胞群,而且活化的CAFs可以增加CD80和CD86的表達[37]。TGF-β在腫瘤部位募集巨噬細胞,IL-6和趨化因子CXCL8有助于巨噬細胞向M2表型極化,CAFs表達IL-6,CXCL8和TGF-β1增加[38]。因此,CAFs可能對TAMs的募集和極化具有深遠影響。OSCC中CD14+細胞和CAFs上清共培養,上調了CD68、CD163、CD200R和CD206的表達,提示來自CAFs的上清液優先誘導單核細胞分化為促瘤M2型巨噬細胞[37]。從OSCC患者獲得的組織樣本的研究證實,高度浸潤的CAFs與TAMs數量顯著相關,提示TAMs浸潤與CAFs正相關,但TME中成分的過度失衡,如CAFs的強烈浸潤,可能導致包括TAMs在內的其他成分的分布和功能更改[37]。

綜上所述,腫瘤細胞、TAMs和CAFs三者間的交互作用在OSCC發生發展的各階段發揮了重要作用,本文著重闡述了OSCC腫瘤細胞與CAFs和TAMs各自的交互作用以及CAFs對TAMs的作用,以期為OSCC治療提供新的治療靶點。

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