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[摘要] 目的 研究圍麻醉期右美托咪定(Dex)的應用對老年患者股骨粗隆間骨折行髓內釘(PFN)術后認知功能障礙(POCD)的影響。 方法 選取2018年1~12月廣州市第一人民醫院南沙醫院收治的股骨粗隆間骨折,在椎管內麻醉下擇期行PFN手術的老年患者60例為研究對象,采用隨機數字表法分為Dex組(D組,n = 30)和對照組(C組,n = 30)。D組患者麻醉前15 min靜脈泵注Dex 0.3 μg/kg作為術前用藥,10 min泵注完,術中泵注Dex 0.3 μg/(kg·h)至術終,術后Dex 1 μg/(kg·d)+舒芬太尼2 μg/(kg·d)行PCIA 48 h;C組患者圍麻醉期靜脈泵注生理鹽水,術后舒芬太尼2 μg/(kg·d)行PCIA。檢測麻醉前(T0)、術后24 h(T1)、術后48 h(T2)血清丙二醛(MDA)、8-異構前列腺素F2α(8-iso PGF2α)水平,并行簡易精神狀態評價量表(MMSE)評分。 結果 兩組患者T1、T2的MDA、8-iso PGF2α水平高于T0,但D組低于C組同時點,差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05)。兩組患者T1、T2的MMSE評分低于T0,但D組高于C組同時點,差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05)。C組T1和T2的VAS高于D組,按壓次數、有效按壓次數、舒芬太尼用量多于D組,差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05)。 結論 圍麻醉期應用Dex,可降低老年患者PFN術后 POCD的發生率。
[關鍵詞] 右美托咪定;術后認知功能障礙;圍麻醉期;丙二醛;8-異構前列腺素F2α
[中圖分類號] R687.4? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2019)07(a)-0117-04
Effects of Dexmedetomidine on postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly patients undergoing PFN in perianesthesia
YAN Yan
Department of Anesthesiology, the First People′s Hospital of Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou? 510180, China
[Abstract] Objective To study the effects of Dexmedetomidine on postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly patients undergoing PFN in perianesthesia. Methods Sixty elderly scheduled for PFN surgery under spinal anesthesia were enrolled in Nansha Hospital of the First People′s Hospital of Guangzhou City from January to December 2018 were selected as study objects, and they were divided into Dexmedetomidine group (group D, n = 30) and control group (Group C, n = 30) by using random numeral table method. The patients in group D were intravenous infused 0.3 μg/kg Dexmedetomidine within 10 min as premedication 15 minutes before anesthesia, followed by 0.3 μg/(kg·h) infusion until the end of operation. The patients in group C received intravenous infusion of saline. Patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) was started for all patients when they were transferred to the ward. The patients were given Sufentanyl 2 μg/(kg·d) as PCIA 100 mL in group C. Group D were given Dexmedetomidine 1 μg/(kg·d) + Sufentanyl 2 μg/(kg·d) as PCIA 100 mL. The levels of MDA and 8-iso PGF2α in serum were detected before anesthesia (T0), 24 h (T1) and 48 h (T2) after operation. The min-mental state examination (MMSE) scores were estimated at T0, T1 and T2. Results The levels of MDA and 8-iso PGF2α at T1 and T2 in two groups were higher than those at T0, but those in group D were lower than those in group C at the same time, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). MMSE scores of T1 and T2 in two groups were lower than those of T0, but those in group D were higher than those in group C at the same time, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). VAS of T1 and T2 in group C was higher than that in group D, and the times of pressing, effective pressing and the dosage of Sufentanil in group C were higher than those in group D, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can reduce the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly patients undergoing PFN in perianesthesia.
[Key words] Dexmedetomidine; Postoperative cognitive dysfunction; Perianesthesia; Malondialdehyde; 8-iso prostaglandin F2α
術后認知功能障礙(POCD)是患者在術后出現精神活動、人格、社交活動及認知能力的變化,65歲以上患者發病率達20%~50%[1]。在手術損傷時,往往同時發生炎癥與氧化應激反應,腦組織的高代謝特性,導致其容易遭受氧化應激損傷,使神經元變性、壞死或凋亡,出現認知障礙[2]。鹽酸右美托咪定(Dex)有鎮靜、抗焦慮、降低應激反應的作用,本研究對股骨粗隆間骨折行髓內釘(PFN)內固定術的老年患者,圍麻醉期應用Dex,探討Dex對POCD的影響。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2018年1~12月廣州市第一人民醫院南沙醫院(以下簡稱“我院”)收治股骨粗隆間骨折,擇期行PFN手術的老年患者60例為研究對象,采用隨機數字表法分為Dex組(D組,n = 30)和對照組(C組,n = 30),其中男23例,女37例。納入標準:①ASA分級Ⅰ~Ⅱ級;②年齡60~75歲;③初中以上文化;④術前無認知障礙,簡易精神狀態評價量表(MMSE)評分>23分。排除標準:①精神神經病史,服用精神類藥物史;②嚴重心肺功能不全;③酗酒及長期使用鎮靜藥或吸毒史;④術前不能完成MMSE測評。本研究經我院醫學倫理委員會審查批準,參與研究者及家屬簽署知情同意書。
1.2 麻醉方法
患者入手術室后開放左上肢靜脈,D組麻醉前15 min靜脈泵注Dex(江蘇恒瑞醫藥股份有限公司,批號:181124BP,規格:2 mL∶200 μg/支)0.3 μg/kg作為術前用藥,10 min泵注完。C組給予生理鹽水。所有患者行椎管內麻醉,穿刺一次成功,蛛網膜下腔給予0.75%羅哌卡因1.7 mL(阿斯利康制藥有限公司,批號:NAXY,規格:10 mL∶100 mg/支),控制麻醉平面T8以下。麻醉平面確切后,D組和C組分別泵注Dex 0.3 μg/(kg·h)和生理鹽水至術終。維持術中平均動脈壓(MAP)波動范圍在基礎值±20%,心率<50次/min者,靜脈注射阿托品糾正。
1.3 自控靜脈鎮痛(PCIA)方法
D組:Dex 1 μg/(kg·d)+舒芬太尼(宜昌人福藥業有限責任公司,批號:1180401,規格:5 mL∶250 μg/支)2 μg/(kg·d)+昂丹司瓊(齊魯制藥有限公司,批號:HB2B8003,規格:2 mL∶4 mg/支)8 mg,C組:舒芬太尼2 μg/(kg·d)+昂丹司瓊8 mg。設置總量為100 mL,連續背景輸注量2 mL/h,單次給藥量1.5 mL,鎖定時間15 min。記錄術后24 h和48 h視覺模擬評分(VAS)、鎮痛泵參數及不良反應。
1.4 觀察指標
麻醉前(T0)、術后24 h(T1)、術后48 h(T2)抽取外周靜脈血3 mL,4℃,3000 r/min,離心半徑13.5 cm,離心30 min(德國Sigma 1-15K),取上清液,-80℃凍存。酶聯免疫吸附法(ELISA)檢測血清丙二醛(MDA,Abcam公司,ab238537)和8-異構前列腺素F2α(8-iso PGF2α,Abcam公司,ab133025)水平,操作按試劑盒說明書進行。
MMSE評分[3],從時間定向力、即刻記憶、延遲記憶、地點定向力、語言、注意力及計算力、視空間七個方面,評估被試者智力狀態及認知功能缺損程度。25~30分為正常,20~24分可能認知障礙,<20分明確認知障礙。測試患者麻醉前及術后24 h和48 h的MMSE評分。
1.5 統計學方法
所有數據采用SPSS 20.0統計軟件進行處理。計量資料用均數±標準差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用配對t檢驗,組內比較采用單因素方差分析,計數資料采用χ2檢驗,以P < 0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 兩組患者一般情況比較
D組有4例因心率<50次/min,靜脈注射阿托品0.5 mg糾正。兩組患者性別、年齡、體重、身高、手術時間比較,差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05)。見表1。
2.2 兩組患者血清MDA、8-iso PGF2α水平和MMSE評分比較
兩組患者T1、T2的MDA、8-iso PGF2α水平高于T0,但D組低于C組同時點,差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05)。兩組患者T1、T2的MMSE評分低于T0,但D組高于C組同時點,差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05)。見表2。
2.3 兩組患者VAS和PCIA參數比較
C組T1和T2的VAS高于D組,按壓次數、有效按壓次數、舒芬太尼用量多于D組,差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05)。見表3。C組惡心、嘔吐6例,而D組僅有2例。
3 討論
POCD是老年人術后常見并發癥,通常認為全身麻醉手術,由于聯合用藥藥物作用,誘發POCD的風險遠遠高于椎管內麻醉[4],而Coburn等[5]證明不同麻醉方式并不影響其發生率,一項多國研究[6]證明全身麻醉和椎管內麻醉患者術后3個月POCD發生率分別是14.3%和13.9%,無顯著差異。本研究選擇股骨粗隆間骨折老年患者,在椎管內麻醉下行PFN術,觀察從術前用藥、術中鎮靜至術后鎮痛圍麻醉期Dex應用對患者POCD的影響。
大腦對疼痛感知和認知的區域重疊,疼痛感受器超敏化狀態加劇了術后疼痛,同時作用于認知區域。有研究[7]表明疼痛導致海馬體積縮小,因此手術引起的術后疼痛是POCD的發生因素之一。Dex是高選擇性α2腎上腺素能受體激動劑(α2∶α1比例為1620∶1)[8],用于鎮靜、鎮痛及全身麻醉輔助用藥,產生的睡眠-清醒鎮靜模式更接近生理狀態,患者是可喚醒和合作的,能夠降低譫妄的發生率[9]。Meta分析證實,Dex與阿片類聯合PCIA安全有效[10],本研究應用Dex聯合舒芬太尼行PCIA,發現其鎮痛效果優于單純舒芬太尼,降低惡心、嘔吐的發生率,減少舒芬太尼用量,可達到更加滿意的鎮痛效果。
MMSE自1975年起用于評估認知功能[11],是應用最廣泛的認知篩查量表,對認知功能的檢測敏感,是臨床POCD評估的常用方法[3]。Rohan等[12]發現,MMSE對大腦認知功能的測定,敏感度87%,特異度82%。本研究采用MMSE評估患者認知功能,兩組患者術前評分無差異,術后24 h和48 h評分均低于麻醉前,對照組明顯低于Dex組,因此Dex可降低POCD的發生率。
眾所周知,術中缺氧、低血壓等傷害性刺激引起腦損傷,可產生氧化應激反應,導致POCD[13]。8-iso PGF2α在體內經脂質過氧化由花生四烯酸衍生而成,是檢測氧化應激的金標準[14],其含量在腦損傷患者大腦間質明顯增加,反映腦損傷的嚴重程度及預后[15]。髖骨骨折患者術后血漿8-iso PGF2α含量增加,可獨立預測POCD的發生,敏感度為82%、特異度為75%[16]。臨床及基礎研究均證實[17-19],Dex可降低氧化應激標志物含量,對氧化應激損傷具有保護作用,然而Dex對8-iso PGF2α的影響尚未見相關報道。本研究發現Dex可降低MDA和8-iso PGF2α水平,這與Rodríguez-González等[20]研究發現的Dex降低MDA水平,通過抗氧化應激發揮腦保護作用是一致的。腦干藍斑核在傷害性神經遞質調控中起著重要作用,是Dex的主要作用靶點[21],推測Dex可能通過作用于藍斑核,調控傷害性神經遞質的釋放,從而降低傷害性刺激,抑制氧化應激反應,這需要進一步的研究證實。本研究中行PFN手術的老年患者在圍麻醉期應用Dex,從術前用藥至術后鎮痛,維持Dex一定的血漿濃度,減少阿片類藥物術后鎮痛的用量,降低氧化應激反應,在圍麻醉期的各個環節發揮POCD保護作用。
綜上所述,圍麻醉期應用Dex,可降低老年患者PFN術后POCD的發生率。
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