貴南縣氣候變化對春小麥生長發(fā)育及產量的影響評價

孔祥萍 聶永喜 張曉云

摘要 利用貴南縣氣象站2012—2018年春小麥觀測記錄，對生長發(fā)育狀況及產量結構進行分析，結合發(fā)育期間溫度、降水、日照等氣象要素，建立影響春小麥產量的小穗數(shù)、穗粒數(shù)、千粒重結構因素的預報模型，對2012—2018年產量結構因素做評估檢驗。分析找到貴南春小麥蛋白質含量、淀粉含量較低，高白度不高的氣候原因：灌漿到成熟期，貴南地區(qū)正處汛期，雨熱同期，日平均氣溫13.3℃，降水量過多和土壤含水量偏高不利于蛋白質生成，水分過多也致使面筋彈性降低，品質下降。雖然2012—2018年貴南春小麥產量有增加趨勢，但播種面積逐年減少，作為半農半牧區(qū)群眾主要食物的原材料，改良品種，培育優(yōu)質高產適合河谷農業(yè)生產的品種勢在必行。

關鍵詞 貴南地區(qū);春小麥;產量結構;氣象災害

中圖分類號：S512.12 文獻標識碼：A 文章編號：2095-3305（2019）04-045-04

DOI： 10.19383/j.cnki.nyzhyj.2019.04.019

Abstract Based on the observation records of spring wheat from 2012 to 2018 at Guinan Meteorological Station，the growth and development status and yield structure of spring wheat were analyzed.Combining with the meteorological factors such as temperature，precipitation and sunshine during the development period，the prediction model of spikelet number，grain number per spike and 1000-grain weight structure factors affecting the yield of spring wheat was established，and the yield structure factors from 2012 to 2018 were evaluated and tested.The climatic reasons of low protein content，starch content and low whiteness of spring wheat in Guinan were found：from grain filling to maturity，Guinan was in flood season with the same period of rain and heat，the average daily temperature was 13.3℃. Excessive precipitation and high soil moisture were not conducive to protein production，and excessive moisture also led to the decrease of gluten elasticity and quality.Although the yield of spring wheat in Guinan increased from 2012 to 2018，the sown area decreased year by year. As the raw material of the main food for the people in semi'agricultural and semi'pastoral areas，it was imperative to improve varieties and cultivate varieties with high quality and yield suitable for agricultural production in valleys.

Key words ? Guinan area; Spring wheat; Yield structure; Meteorological disasters

貴南地區(qū)是半農半牧區(qū)，平均海拔高度3 600 m，自然條件惡劣，高寒草甸為該地區(qū)的主要植被類型，能從事農業(yè)生產的土地相對有限。沙溝河、茫拉河、黃河南岸的河谷地帶地勢較低，氣溫較高，熱量充足且無霜期較長，加之降水較為充足，又有河水可作為灌溉水源且土壤較肥沃，形成適宜耕作的河谷農業(yè)區(qū)。貴南地區(qū)春小麥的種植由來已久，但種植面積在逐年縮減，全縣春小麥播種面積不到全部農作物播種面積的5%，近5年平均產量為4 299.8 kg/hm2。春小麥作為主要的糧食作物，是加工面粉的主要原料，春小麥的品質和產量直接關系到農業(yè)經濟的發(fā)展?！?br>