許孟杰 李衛兵 周雪松
摘要:以從玉米芯中提取的水不溶性半纖維素(wisAGX) (中性單糖組成為:83.09%木糖、10.03%葡萄糖、4.76%阿拉伯糖、0.76%半乳糖)為原料,在堿性介質中與丙烯酰胺接枝共聚并適度水解,在半纖維素中引入具有pH響應性的聚丙烯酸(PAA)鏈段,再將共聚物與聚乙烯醇(PVA)溶液共混后以戊二醛交聯制備半纖維素基水凝膠。通過核磁共振儀和傅里葉變換紅外光譜儀對該水凝膠的化學結構進行表征,利用掃描電子顯微鏡對水凝膠的形貌特征進行表征,研究了該水凝膠在去離子水和不同pH值環境下的溶脹行為。結果表明,水凝膠具有明顯的pH響應性,且在pH值10時溶脹率最高,可達1210%。此外,水凝膠的溶脹率與羧基含量正相關,與戊二醛用量負相關。以茶堿作為模型藥物,探討了其在模擬胃液(pH值1.2)和腸液(pH值7.4)介質中的藥物釋放行為。在6 h內,擔載藥物后的水凝膠在模擬腸液中的藥物累積釋放量可達68%,明顯高于其在胃液中51%的藥物累積釋放量,故此水凝膠有明顯的藥物緩釋作用。
關鍵詞:水不溶性半纖維素;聚乙烯醇;pH響應性水凝膠;藥物控釋
中圖分類號:TQ317.4
文獻標識碼:A
DOI:10.11980/j.issn.0254508X.2019.04.004
Abstract:A kind of novel pHsensitive hemicellulosesbased hydrogels was synthesized from the water insoluble hemicelluloses (wisAGX)(the composition of neutral monosaccharide was 83.09% xylose, 10.03% glucose, 4.76% arabinose and 0.76% galactose)extracted from corncobs via sequential graft copolymerization, saponification hydrolysis in alkaline medium, blending with polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)and crosslinkage in presence of glutaraldehyde.The chemical structure of the composite hydrogel was characterized by NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the morphological characteristics of the hydrogel were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The swelling properties of the hydrogels in distilled water and buffer solutions with different pH values were studied, respectively. The results show that the hydrogel has obvious pH sensitivity, and the swelling rate is the highest at pH=10, up to 1210%. In addition, the swelling rate of the hydrogel is positively correlated with the content of —COOH and negatively correlated with the amount of glutaraldehyde. Using theophylline as a model drug, its drug release behavior in simulated gastric fluid (pH=1.2) and intestinal fluid (pH=7.4) was investigated. Within 6 h, the cumulative release of the drugloaded gel in the simulated intestinal fluid was up to 68%, which was significantly higher than the cumulative release of 51% of the drug in the gastric juice, so hydrogel has obvious drug sustained release effect and pH sensitivity.
Key words:water insoluble hemicelluloses; polyvinyl alcohol; pH sensitive hydrogels; drug controlled release
水凝膠是一種能夠在水中溶脹但又不溶解于水且具有親水基團的三維網絡結構的高分子材料[1]。智能型水凝膠是一類受外界環境微小的物理和化學刺激如溫度、pH值、鹽濃度、光、電場、化學物質等,其自身性質就會發生明顯改變的交聯聚合物[23]。由于智能型水凝膠這種獨特的響應性,其在生物醫藥、組織工程等方面具有很好的應用前景,如藥物載體、組織工程支架材料及人工器官等[46]。目前,對智能型水凝膠研究最多的集中在溫度敏感和pH響應性水凝膠上,特別是pH響應性水凝膠已受到越來越多的關注。pH響應性水凝膠可以把藥物分子包埋在水凝膠網絡中,使水凝膠載體能夠根據人體環境pH值的變化實現藥物的靶向釋放[78]。
近年來,使用天然多聚糖制備智能型水凝膠實現藥物緩釋成為研究熱點之一。天然多糖來源廣泛、可再生、無毒,而且具有良好的生物相容性和生物降解性。半纖維素是植物細胞壁中連接纖維素和木素的一種雜化聚糖,在自然界中的含量僅次于纖維素[910]。玉米芯中分離得到的半纖維素根據主鏈取代度的不同分為水溶性半纖維素(wsAGX)和水不溶性半纖維素(wisAGX)兩種,其中wisAGX主鏈由木糖結構單元通過β14糖苷鍵鏈接而成,其中主鏈中95%的木糖結構單元未被取代,因此,這類半纖維素主要呈線形結構;而wsAGX大于15%的木糖結構單元被取代[1112]。
Sun X F等人[1315]在水相體系中以半纖維素和丙烯酸為原料, NN亞甲基雙丙烯酰胺為交聯劑,制備了具有pH響應性的水凝膠。但由于丙烯酸單體的反應活性大,在水相體系中往往形成均聚物,而很難被接枝于半纖維素主鏈上;此外,聚合過程中,由于大量均聚物的形成而導致凝膠效應出現,使半纖維素與丙烯酸的接枝共聚反應不易發生,因而無法真正實現半纖維素的高值化利用。
本研究在堿性介質中,以丙烯酰胺替代丙烯酸對從玉米芯中提取得到的水不溶性半纖維素(wisAGX)進行接枝共聚改性,然后將接枝共聚物適度皂化水解得到側鏈含有聚丙烯酸(PAA)鏈段的接枝共聚物,可避免因直接使用丙烯酸這類高反應活性的單體在反應介質中均聚產生的“爬桿效應”,而導致的接枝共聚反應失敗。并將皂化產物與聚乙烯醇(PVA)溶液共混后經戊二醛化學交聯制備出具有pH響應性的水凝膠。以茶堿為模型藥物,對載藥后的復合水凝膠在模擬胃液和腸液中的藥物釋放行為進行了研究。
1實驗
1.1主要儀器與試劑
離子色譜分析儀(Dionex ICS3000,美國);傅里葉變換紅外光譜儀(FTIRNexus 670,Nicolet,美國);超導核磁共振譜儀(AVANCE AV 400,Bruker,瑞士);掃描電子顯微鏡(ZEISS,德國);紫外可見光分光光度計(UV8453,美國)。
水不溶性半纖維素(wisAGX)由本實驗室提取[16](中性單糖組成為:83.09%木糖,10.03%葡萄糖,4.76%阿拉伯糖,0.76%半乳糖);聚乙烯醇(PVA)(相對分子質量為95000,醇解度95%),百靈威科技有限公司;丙烯酰胺(AM)、硫代硫酸鈉(Na2S2O3),天津市科密歐化學試劑有限公司;過硫酸鉀(KPS),天津福晨化學試劑有限公司;戊二醛(質量分數為25%),天津市福晨化學試劑廠;茶堿(藥典BP級),上海晶純試劑有限公司。以上所有試劑均為分析純,無需純化可直接使用。
1.2皂化產物(wisAGXgPAA)的制備
將0.5 g水不溶性半纖維素在100 mL的三口燒瓶中溶于10 mL質量分數為 2%的NaOH溶液中,50℃水浴中攪拌至完全溶解,然后迅速降溫至(30±1)℃,隨后加入5 mL濃度為3.89 mmol/L的KPSNa2S2O3引發劑(KPS與Na2S2O3摩爾比為1∶1)水溶液,通入氮氣并攪拌30 min,然后將15 mL濃度為1.41 mol/L的丙烯酰胺水溶液緩慢滴加入反應瓶中,滴加時間為1 h。混合溶液在此溫度下反應4 h后,加入1 mL質量分數為2%的對苯二酚水溶液終止反應。然后將上述溶液放入60℃烘箱中干燥24 h,繼續放入50℃真空干燥箱中干燥至恒質量。將上述干燥后的產物置于N, N二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)和冰醋酸的混合液中(DMF與冰醋酸體積比為1∶1),在室溫條件下浸泡12 h以除去未反應的單體及均聚物,過濾得固體物[17]。固體物用丙酮多次洗滌,將洗滌后的產物放入50℃真空干燥箱中干燥至恒質量,該固體物即為wisAGXgPAM接枝共聚物。取上述干燥后的產物0.5 g,溶于10 mL NaOH溶液中,在設定的溫度下攪拌、皂化反應4 h后,將皂化產物在乙醇中沉淀。所得沉淀物放入50℃的真空干燥箱中干燥至恒質量,皂化后得到的最終產物即為wisAGXgPAA。wisAGXgPAM皂化反應條件如表1所示,皂化水解路線如圖1所示。
3結論
本研究以從玉米芯中提取的水不溶半纖維素為原料,通過接枝共聚與皂化水解反應合成出側鏈具有pH響應性的聚丙烯酸(PAA)鏈段的半纖維素接枝共聚物,再將共聚物與聚乙烯醇(PVA)共混后在戊二醛的化學交聯下成功制備出具有pH響應性的半纖維素基水凝膠。
3.1該水凝膠在pH值低于4.6的環境中溶脹率較低;而在pH值大于4.6的環境中溶脹率較高。其溶脹行為表現出明顯的pH響應性,且水凝膠中羧基含量越高,平衡溶脹率越高;交聯劑用量越高的水凝膠平衡溶脹率越低。
3.2通過掃描電子顯微鏡(SEM)可以看出,水凝膠有明顯的網狀結構,且網孔的尺寸隨羧基含量的增加而增大,隨交聯劑用量的增加而減小。
3.3通過考察載藥水凝膠在模擬胃液和腸液中的釋放行為發現,其在模擬胃液中藥物的釋放速率和達到平衡時的累積釋放量均明顯低于其在模擬腸液中的釋放速率和達到平衡時的累積釋放量。該類水凝膠表現出明顯的pH響應性以及藥物的緩釋行為。由此可以推知,利用該類水凝膠作為藥物載體,有望實現藥物的靶向給藥以及藥物的緩釋。
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