學(xué)·院—非洲學(xué)校計(jì)劃設(shè)計(jì)競(jìng)賽方案，本加，馬拉維

朱文一

中學(xué)一直是非洲普及教學(xué)的重要環(huán)節(jié)。2018年底，Archstorming聯(lián)手Active Africa共同舉辦了非洲學(xué)校計(jì)劃設(shè)計(jì)競(jìng)賽。競(jìng)賽選擇的設(shè)計(jì)地段位于非洲馬拉維本加地區(qū)，要求在長(zhǎng)112.8m的場(chǎng)地上完成一所10班中學(xué)的設(shè)計(jì)。朱文一工作室提交的“學(xué)·院”（School-Yard）設(shè)計(jì)方案在整合周邊環(huán)境、布局校舍功能、展現(xiàn)建筑特質(zhì)等方面探索了低造價(jià)學(xué)校設(shè)計(jì)的路徑。

第一是整合周邊環(huán)境。項(xiàng)目地段位于通往本加的南北向公路西側(cè)，與公路東側(cè)的小學(xué)和本加教區(qū)村落隔路相望?！皩W(xué)·院”設(shè)計(jì)方案以91.8m×91.8m方形院落形式跨越公路兩側(cè)，連接現(xiàn)狀小學(xué)和未來(lái)的中學(xué)，創(chuàng)造統(tǒng)一的校園空間，進(jìn)而將中學(xué)與周邊環(huán)境整合在一起。學(xué)校地處既開(kāi)闊又荒野的環(huán)境，院落這樣的內(nèi)向性空間有利于構(gòu)筑一方小天地，營(yíng)造不但有安全感，更有溫馨感的校園空間（圖1）。

第二是營(yíng)造空間氛圍。學(xué)校總建筑面積為3,000m2，10間教室共計(jì)660m2，位于院落西側(cè)、正對(duì)公路的位置，在其中部為400m2的公共活動(dòng)空間；300m2的宿舍位于院落北面；860m2的教師住宅座落在院落南面（圖2）。院落布局使得所有功能的房間都朝向院落中央的活動(dòng)場(chǎng)地。這大大增加了學(xué)生與學(xué)生之間、學(xué)生與教師之間見(jiàn)面交流的機(jī)會(huì)。同時(shí)，公路西側(cè)的中學(xué)校舍和活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所與東側(cè)現(xiàn)有小學(xué)的校舍和活動(dòng)空間合為一體，加強(qiáng)中學(xué)與小學(xué)的聯(lián)系，而穿經(jīng)院落的公路增加了學(xué)校的可達(dá)性。

第三是探索可持續(xù)發(fā)展。學(xué)校教室和宿舍建筑采用當(dāng)?shù)靥烊皇摹⑵鰤K，木材、輕鋼等材料，結(jié)合大大小小方洞的設(shè)計(jì)和明亮色彩的運(yùn)用，營(yíng)造既體現(xiàn)地方特色、又彰顯孩童活潑天性的校園氛圍（圖3）。保留的樹(shù)木在其中起到畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛的作用（圖4）。水塔等設(shè)施安放在院落北部建筑的屋頂，此外幾乎所有校舍的屋頂上空均安置了與輕鋼結(jié)構(gòu)相結(jié)合的太陽(yáng)能光伏板。與院落形式緊密結(jié)合，總計(jì)5,000m2的綠色光伏板覆蓋中學(xué)和現(xiàn)有小學(xué)的屋頂，創(chuàng)造了學(xué)校建筑新形象（圖5）。

在衛(wèi)星地圖上，簡(jiǎn)潔的方形院落形式具有極強(qiáng)的可識(shí)別性。特別是在本加以沙漠為主的環(huán)境中，這樣的形式更易辨識(shí)。這為中小學(xué)生在手機(jī)地圖等虛擬空間找尋本加學(xué)校的位置提供了便利。

圖1 / Figure 1 “學(xué)·院”設(shè)計(jì)方案Proposal School - Yard

圖2 / Figure 2 底層平面圖和屋頂平面圖Ground Floor Plan & Roof Plan

圖4 / Figure 4 “學(xué)·院”內(nèi)景The Yard Scenery in School - Yard

圖3 / Figure 3 西立面West Elevation

圖5 / Figure 5 院落屋頂上的太陽(yáng)能光伏板Solar Panels on Rooftop

School has always been an important part of universal teaching in Africa. In the end of 2018, Archstoming teamed up with Active Africa to host the African School Program Design Competition. The design site of the competition is located in the Benga region of Malawi, Africa, and requires the design of a 10-class secondary school on a 112.8m long site. The “School-Yard” design proposal submitted by ZHUWENYI Atelier explores a way of low-cost school design in terms of integrating the surrounding environment,zoning functions, and sustainable way:

Thefirst is to integrate the surrounding environment.The site is located on the west side of the north-south road leading to Benga, across the road from the elementary school on the east side of the road and the village of Benga. The “School-Yard” spans both sides of the road in the form of a 112.8m×112.8m courtyard, connecting the current elementary school and the future middle school, creating a unified campus space, and then integrating the middle school with the surrounding environment. The school is within an open and wild environment. The introverted space of the courtyard is conducive to build a small world and creat a safe and warmer campus space (Figure 1).

The second is to create a space atmosphere. The school has a total construction area of 3,000 m2, 10 classrooms totaling 660 m2on the west side of the courtyard, facing the road, and 400 m2of public space in the middle; 300 m2of dormitory is located in the north of the courtyard; 860 m2of teacher’s residence is located in the south of the courtyard (figure 2). The courtyard layout allows all functional rooms to face the event venue in the center of the courtyard. This greatly increases the chances of meeting and communicating among students, and between students and teachers. At the same time, the school buildings and activities spaces on the west side of the road are integrated with the school buildings and activity spaces of the existing primary schools on the east side to strengthen the connection between the secondary schools and the primary schools. The road through the courtyard increases the accessibility of the school.

The third is to explore a sustainable way. Classrooms and dormitory buildings are equipped with local stone,block, wood, light steel and other materials, combined with the design of large and small square holes and the use of bright colors to create a campus atmosphere(Figure 3). The preserved trees play an very important role in it (Figure 4). Facilities such as water towers are placed on the roof of the buildings in the north of the courtyard. In addition, solar photovoltaic panels combined with light steel structures are placed over the roof of almost all school buildings. Tightly integrated with the courtyard form, a total of 5,000 m2of green photovoltaic panels covers the roofs of secondary and existing primary schools, creating a new image of the school building (Figure 5).

On the digital age satellite map, the simple square courtyard form is highly recognizable. Especially in the desert-based environment, such form is more recognizable. This is convenient for primary and secondary school students tofind the school in the virtual space such as mobile phones.