張斌 許偉奇 戴乾軍



摘 要關鍵詞:三相八開關容錯逆變器;有限控制集模型預測控制;擴張狀態觀測器;永磁同步電機;開關頻率
DOI:10.15938/j.emc.2019.06.000
中圖分類號文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1007 -449X(2019)06 -0000 -00
Abstract:The operation mode of driving system under fault conditions is studied aiming at the single bridge arm fault and unbalanced bus voltage dividing of PNC threelevel inverter, a drive control strategy is proposed for three phases eightswitch faulttolerant inverter (TPESFTI) with current feedback characteristics, and its topology and output voltage model are constructed.Combined model predictive control theory with extended state observer (ESO) technology, a finite control set model predictive control is proposed for PMSM systems Driven by three phase eightswitch faulttolerant inverter. Considering the influence of system parameter changes on the back EMF, an observer is designed by extended state observer(ESO) technology to realize the realtime estimation of the back EMF. At the same time, the nonlinear constraint term of the objective function in FCSMPC is used to reduce the switching frequency of the inverter. The simulation results show that the control strategy can ensure the reliable and stable operation of TPESFTI drive PMSM system, which can not only effectively suppress the adverse effect resulting from the unbalance of DC link capacitor voltages on the system and reduce switching loss, but also with good dynamic performance as well as strong load resistance and robustness .
Keywords: threephase eightswitch faulttolerant inverter; finite control set model predictive control; extended state observe; permanent magnet synchronous; switch frequency
0 引 言
1981年Naba A等[1]學者對三電平逆變器(neutral point clamped, NPC)進行深入地研究分析,并獲得了其拓撲結構和空間電壓矢量。與常規三相兩電平相比,三相NPC型三電平逆變器具備優良的諧波頻譜,較小的功率管承電壓力和開關損耗以及高效性等顯著優勢;因此,在交流電機驅動領域應用最為廣泛[2-11]。由于NPC型三電平逆變器結構需要更多的功率管器件,從而會導致其可靠性降低,一旦某橋臂故障(即短路和斷路)時將會使驅動系統停止運行,甚至會影響其他系統的安全運行,并且造成不可估量的經濟損失[12]。在某些交流傳動控制領域中對驅動系統的可靠性要求較高,即使逆變器發生故障時,系統仍能持續穩定運行。因此,為了提高三電平逆變器驅動系統的可靠性,將對其容錯控制技術的研究具有更重要意義。
近些年來,海內外學者對三電平逆變器的容錯控制進行深入研究,目前,NPC型三電平逆變器的容錯控制技術成為熱門的研究課題[13-21]。NPC型三電平逆變器的任何一橋臂發生短路或斷路時,最常用的兩種容錯控制拓撲結構為:“三橋臂”和“四橋臂”[20]。文獻[13-18]采用的是三橋臂容錯拓撲結構的方法;其實質是逆變器的某一橋臂故障時,在不需要增添冗余主橋臂基礎上,將連接故障橋臂相和直流母線兩電容中點,即為三相八開關逆變器(threephases eightswitch Inverter,TPESI)的容錯控制策略。文獻[19-21]采取的是四橋臂容錯拓撲結構的方法;其方法是在原有逆變器的基礎之上增添一個結構完全相同的冗余主橋壁,若逆變器的某橋臂出現故障,故障橋臂相則會被冗余主橋臂所替代,其工作原理與三相十二開關逆變器(threephase twelveswitch inverter, TPTSI)的運行相同;但是由于該驅動系統的功率管數目增加,容易降低整個控制系統的可靠性,并且顯著地增加了系統的成本。相比四橋臂容錯拓撲結構的方法,TPESI容錯控制(即三橋臂容錯拓撲結構的方法)具有結構簡單、成本低等特點。在三相八開關容錯逆變器(threephase eightswitch fault tolerant inverter, TPESFTI)的驅動系統中直流母線電容分壓不均衡時,該驅動系統輸出信號(即電壓和電流)的諧波含量高,將會導致系統的控制性能降低。基于上述問題的分析,文獻[18]研究分析了TPESFTI直流側兩電容電壓波動(即分壓不均衡)機理,并采用注入零序電壓來抑制其波動。因此,對TPESFTI的電容電壓不平衡進行抑制具有重要的研究意義。
永磁同步電機(permanent magnet synchronous motor, PMSM)具備簡單易行、效率高和功率因數大等突出優勢[3];因此,近年來學者們致力于在航天、工業機器人和數控機床等領域引起廣泛關注和研究。最常用的PMSM系統的控制策略有直接轉矩控制(direct torque control, DTC)法和矢量控制(field oriental control, FOC)方法兩類。隨后,一種高效可靠的有限控制集模型預測控制(finite control set model predictive control, FCSMPC)策略相繼被提出[22-23]。與FOC和DTC策略相比,FCSMPC具有良好的動態性能,簡單易行,并且能夠有效地解決非約束項等問題[24-25]。傳統FCSMPC需要在一個采樣時刻(即采樣周期)預測出逆變器所有效電壓矢量下的開關狀態變量,從而尋找出最佳的開關狀態;但其運算量大將成為在交流電機領域廣泛應用的主要瓶頸[14]。為了解決上述問題,張永昌等[28]提出了一種改進型的電流模型用預測控制策略,其不僅能夠相應地降低系統計算量,而且補償了系統的延時;該控制策略利用過去時刻的電壓、電流來預測系統的反電動勢項;但是當系統內部不確定項(即電機參數)發生突變時,反電動勢項的精確性將直接影響控制系統的動態性能。
4 結 論
本文研究了PNC型三電平逆變器單橋臂故障和母線電壓分壓不均衡等條件下的永磁同步PMSM有限控制集模型預測控制策略。針對PNC型三電平逆變器單橋臂故障和母線電壓分壓不均衡等問題,將電流反饋特性應用到三相八開關容錯逆變器(TPESFTI)的驅動控制中;考慮系統參數變化對反電動勢的影響,構造出基于ESO的反電動勢辨識方法;為了降低逆變器的開關頻率,通過在FCSMPC中的目標函數添加非線性約束來實現。仿真結果表明,該控制策略能夠保證TPESFTI的PMSM驅動系統可靠穩定運行,并且能夠有效地抑制直流側母線電容分壓不均對系統的影響以及降低驅動逆變器的開關損耗,同時提高了控制系統的動態性能。
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(編輯:賈志超)