過度旅游：日益嚴重的全球性問題

∷落 霽 選注

我們可能都有過這樣的經歷：從疲累的日常生活中抽身，在節假日計劃一場放松身心的旅行，到達目的地后卻發現，心目中的“詩和遠方”與想象中相去甚遠：人山人海、秩序混亂、環境嘈雜、商業氣息將風土人情掩蓋……這些由旅游業高速發展帶來的弊端，不僅使游客體驗大打折扣，更直接影響了當地居民的日常生活。當“過度旅游”成為棘手的全球性問題，人們究竟該如何在發展中尋求解決方法呢？

Overtourism is not a new problem. Barcelona, in particular,is at the centre of these mounting concerns about the rapid growth of tourism in cities, especially during peak holiday periods.①Barcelona: 巴塞羅那，西班牙東北部港市，因其眾多歷史建筑和文化景點成為熱門旅游城市；mounting:越來越多的（常指造成問題或麻煩的事物）；peak: 高峰的。In fact, Destination Barcelona estimates that there were 30 million overnight visitors in 2017, compared to a resident population of 1,625,137.

But across southern Europe protests②protest: 抗議。and social movements are growing in number. This has led to the formation of organisations such as the Assembly of Neighborhoods for Sustainable Tourism and the Network of Southern European Cities against tourism. They are at the forefront③forefront: 最前列，最重要的位置。of the fight against overtourism and the impact it has on local residents.

While many tourists want to “live like a local” and have an authentic and immersive experience during their visit, the residents of many tourism-dependent destinations are seeing the unique sense of place that characterised their home towns vanish beneath a wave of souvenir shops, crowds, tour buses and rowdy bars.④許多游客都希望“像當地人一樣生活”，擁有真正的沉浸式旅行體驗，但與此同時，在許多依賴旅游業的城市中，當地居民正目睹著家鄉原本獨特的地域特色逐漸消失，取而代之的是層出不窮的紀念品商店、摩肩接踵的人潮、隨處可見的游客大巴和熙攘吵鬧的酒吧。authentic: 真正的；immersive:沉浸式的，擬真的；rowdy: 喧鬧的，吵嚷的。They are also suffering as local amenities and infrastructure are put under enormous strain.⑤amenity: （常作復數）生活福利設施，便利設施；infrastructure: 基礎設施；strain: 困難，負擔。

It is a truly global issue. Other destinations where overtourism has reached disruptive proportions include Palma de Mallorca, Paris,Dubrovnik, Kyoto, Berlin, Bali and Reykjavik. Recently, Thai authorities were forced to act when the number of tourists visiting Maya Bay, the beach made famous by Danny Boyle's film The Beach,⑥Maya Bay: 位于泰國小皮皮島的一個海灣；Danny Boyle: 丹尼·博伊爾，英國導演、編劇、制作人，曾獲奧斯卡最佳導演獎，代表影片為《海灘》（The Beach）。led to shocking environmental damage.

We define overtourism “as the excessive growth of visitors leading to overcrowding in areas where residents suffer the consequences of temporary and seasonal tourism peaks, which have enforced permanent changes to their lifestyles, access to amenities and general well-being.” The claim is that overtourism is harming the landscape, damaging beaches, putting infrastructure under enormous strain,and pricing residents out of the property market.①landscape: （陸上）風景；price out of: 漫天討價（或收費）致使（自己或他人）失去（市場等）。It is a hugely complex issue that is often oversimplified②oversimplify: 使……過于簡單化。.

It can have an impact in multiple ways. The international cruise industry, for example, delivers thousands of passengers daily to destination ports.③cruise: 乘船游覽；port: 港口。While comparatively little is returned to communities, cruise activity creates physical and visual pollution.

City residents also bear the cost of tourism growth. As cities transform to cater for tourists, the global travel supply chain prospers.④cater for: 迎合；supply chain: 供應鏈；prosper: 繁榮，興旺。This coincides with increasing property speculation and rising costs of living for local communities.⑤coincide with: 與……同時發生；speculation: 投機買賣。Airbnb, for example, has been accused of reducing housing affordability and displacing residents.⑥Airbnb: 一個讓大眾出租民宿的網站，提供短期出租房屋或房間的服務；displace: 迫使（某人）離開家。

Amsterdam wants to take direct action to prevent this by banning short-term rentals⑦rental: 租賃，出租。and directing cruise passengers away from the city centre. Airbnb is also making efforts to address the problems they are accused of creating.

Overcrowding and the establishment of typical tourism-focused businesses, such as clubs, bars and souvenir shops, overwhelm local businesses—and rowdy and unmanageable tourist behaviour is common.⑧過度擁擠以及俱樂部、酒吧和紀念品商店等典型的為旅游業量身打造的商業場所的開設，都使當地商業受到沉重打擊，而且吵吵鬧鬧、難以管理的游客行為也十分普遍。overwhelm: 壓垮，使受打擊。This diminishes the unique ambience⑨ambience: 氛圍，環境。of destinations and leads to crowd and waste management pressures.

Clearly, tourism brings jobs, investment and economic benefits to destinations. But overtourism occurs when tourism expansion fails to acknowledge that there are limits. Local government and planning authorities have so far been powerless to deal with the overwhelming influence of the global tourism supply chain. This has led to widespread“tourist-phobia”—first described by Manuel Delgado more than a decade ago as a mixture of repudiation, mistrust and contempt for tourists.①-phobia: 用以構成名詞，表示“憎惡，恐懼”；repudiation: 否定，批駁；contempt: 輕視，蔑視。

Dealing with overtourism must now be a priority. But despite the mounting howls of protest, tourism promotion endures—and unsustainable hordes of tourists continue to descend on cities,②howl: 怒吼；unsustainable: 無法維持的，無法支撐的；horde:（通常指熙攘紛擾的）一大群人。beaches and other natural wonders.

Managing the flow of tourists seems an improbable③improbable: 不大可能的，未必確實的。and unwelcome task. But some cities have taken drastic measures to limit the effects of overtourism, including the introduction of new or revised taxation arrangements, fines linked to new local laws, and “demarketing,”whereby destinations focus on attracting fewer, high-spending and low impact tourists, rather than large groups.④但一些城市已經采取了嚴格的措施來為過度發展的旅游業設限，包括制定新的或修改征稅措施、依照全新的當地法律增設罰款，以及通過“限制性營銷”降低市場需求。通過這些手段，旅游城市將目標游客群體限定為少數高消費、低影響的游客，而非逐隊成群的普羅大眾。taxation: 征稅；demarketing: 限制性營銷，通過（廣告手段）減少市場需求。

But it's a fine line to tread⑤tread: 踩，踏。. If tourist arrivals to a destination decline suddenly and dramatically it would likely have considerable economic repercussions⑥repercussion: （尤指不好的）持續影響，后果。for those who rely on them.

Overtourism is a shared responsibility. City administrators and destination managers must acknowledge that there are definite limits to growth. Prioritising the welfare of local residents above the needs of the global tourism supply chain is vital.⑦prioritise: 優先考慮，給予……優先權；welfare: 福祉，福利；vital: 至關重要的。Prime consideration must be given to ensuring that the level of visitation fits within a destination's capacity.⑧visitation: 游客訪問；capacity: 容納能力。

The global tourism supply chain also bears a major responsibility. It must ensure that product development achieves a balance between the optimal tourist experience and a commensurate local benefit.⑨optimal: 最佳的，最適宜的；commensurate: 相稱的，相當的。Tourists must also play their part by making travel choices that are sensitive to the places they visit and those who live in and around them.

Tourism should be part of the wider destination management system,which must also consider transport and mobility, the preservation of public spaces, the local economy and housing, among other aspects of daily life. Research, planning and a close and ongoing dialogue between city administrators, the tourism industry, civil society groups and local residents are essential.

Perhaps overtourism is a symptom of the present era of unprecedented affluence and hyper mobility,⑩unprecedented: 空前的，無前例的；affluence: 富裕；hyper: 亢奮的，精力旺盛的。a consequence of late capitalism. We need to urgently rethink the way cities are evolving to uphold?uphold: 支持，維護。the rights of their residents.