How Retirement Systems Vary Among Major Nations

Retirement systems vary widely from country to country.Here’s a look at retirement systems in key nations:

國與國之間退休制度千差萬別，下文簡要介紹了全球主要國家的退休制度。

United States

美國

[2]The United States is struggling to finance its promises to future retirees.Social Security is the core of its system.Social Security payments are financed by a tax on both workers and employers1社會保障稅是美僅次于個人所得稅的第二大稅種，由聯邦政府按照一定工資比率在全國范圍內統一征收，強制要求企業在每月發工資時按照雇員的社會保障號碼（SSN）代扣代繳。社會保障稅由美財政部國內工資局集中收繳后，專項進入美國社會保障署（Social Security Administration）設立的社會保障基金。.The payments average $1,269 a month.Two-thirds of retirees rely on Social Security for most of their income.Americans can collect as early as age 62 but don’t receive the full benefit unless they wait later to collect — until age 66 for those born from 1943 through 1959 and age 67 for those born after.Many also rely on corporate pensions.But companies have been replacing them with 401(k)-style plans2401(k)，取自美國1978年《國內收入法》中的條款（section 401K），是美國一種特殊的退休儲蓄計劃，允許員工將一部分稅前工資存入儲蓄計劃，積累至退休后使用。.These plans require employees to save and invest themselves.But many who are eligible for 401(k)or similar plans don’t enroll in them,contribute too little or raid their accounts before retirement.

[2]美國艱難承受著退休人員養老保障帶來的巨大財政負擔。社會保險制度是美國退休制度的核心。社會保險金由員工和雇主納稅構成，退休人員平均每月可領取1269美元，這是三分之二退休人員的主要收入。美國人年滿62周歲即可領取社會保險金，但只有推遲領取年齡，才能獲得全額社會保險金——1943年至1959年出生的人需要推遲至66周歲，1959年后出生的人則需推遲至67周歲。許多人也有企業年金，但企業已逐步用類似401（K）的計劃取而代之。這些計劃要求員工為自己儲蓄投資。然而許多有資格享有401（K）或類似計劃的員工卻并未加入，且存在繳費過少或在退休前就清空賬戶的情況。

China

中國

[3]China’s population is aging rapidly.That has left a shortage of working-age people to pay into the pension system.For now,the retirement system remains generous for most city dwellers.Urban workers pay 8 percent of their income toward retirement;their employers add 20 percent.The pensions equal about half of pre-retirement income.Men are eligible for pensions at 60,women at 50 to 55.Policymakers are considering raising the retirement age for urban workers.The Rural Pension,begun in late 2009,allows rural workers to make voluntary contributions3contribution（給雇主或政府用作醫療保險、養老保險等的）定期繳款。to individual accounts that are subsidized by local and central governments.

[3]中國人口迅速老齡化，繳納養老保險金的勞動年齡人口不足。目前的退休制度仍為大多數城市居民提供優厚待遇。城市職工養老保險個人繳費比例為工資收入的8%，企業繳費比例為繳費基數的20%。人們退休后領取的養老金與退休前總收入的一半大抵相當。年滿60周歲的男性及年滿50至55周歲的女性方有資格領取養老保險金。決策者正在考慮推遲城市職工的退休年齡。2009年年底，農村養老保險制度開始實施，允許農村居民自愿向由地方和中央政府補貼的個人賬戶繳費。

Japan

日本

[4]An aging Japan is struggling to finance the retirement of its baby boom generation.It has a three-part system4日本養老保險金的形式主要有三種：一是國民養老金，日本法律規定凡處于法定年齡段的國民均須加入國民養老金；二是與收入關聯的厚生養老金和共濟養老金，在參加國民養老金的基礎上，企業雇員和公務員等依據身份不同分別加入厚生養老金和共濟養老金；三是不同類型的企業養老金和商業養老保險,企業與個人可自由選擇加入，屬于私人養老金。:Workers receive a flat-rate5flat-rate統一價格；固定收費率。pension of about 66,000 yen ($657)a month from a fund partially financed by worker contributions.They also receive a second pension based on their earnings,financed entirely by their contributions.And they can contribute to additional plans that are voluntary.They can collect the flat-rate pension after contributing for 25 years;they become eligible for a full benefit after 40 years.The flat-rate and earningsbased pensions combined replace an average of only about 25 percent of preretirement income.Many older Japanese,who had lifetime jobs with good benefits,have accumulated hefty savings.But younger workers,who came of age amid a sluggish economy and corporate cutbacks6cutback減產。,are struggling to save.

[4]老齡化的日本面臨嬰兒潮一代退休養老帶來的財政負擔，舉步維艱。日本養老金由三部分構成：勞動者每月從勞動者繳納部分費用的基金中獲得約6.6萬日元（657美元）的固定養老金，還可以領取一筆完全由個人繳存的收入關聯養老金。人們也可以自愿繳費加入其他養老保險計劃。養老保險繳費25年后，可以領取定額發放的國民養老金，繳費滿40年后，則可領取全額國民養老金。國民養老金與收入關聯養老金之和一般僅相當于退休前收入的25%。許多日本老人終身從事高福利的工作，存款豐厚。但出生在經濟低迷和企業不景氣時代的年輕人想要積累財富則并非易事。

Germany

德國

[5]Germany’s retirement system is generous for many,but getting less so.The post-World War II economic boom financed comfortable retirements.The system still provides the bulk of income for retired people—about 70 percent as of 2010.Germans can retire with a full pension at 65,though the age is gradually rising.People born after 1964 face a retirement age of 67.The system replaces 58 percent of average take-home7take-home實得的。pay.The pensions are funded by a payroll tax with no investment assets backing the government’s promises—a so-called pay-as-yougo system.Pensions are tied to earnings during a person’s working years.But the formula now reduces pension levels as the ratio of retirees to workers rises.There’s an additional benefit that serves as a safety net for very low-income retirees.Many people who work for major employers also have company-based pensions.

[5]對許多人而言，德國的退休制度十分慷慨 但目前也在逐步收緊。二戰后德國繁榮的經濟為退休人員提供了良好的待遇，如今，退休金仍是退休人員收入的主要來源——截至2010年，約占收入的70%。德國人65周歲退休可領取全額退休金，但是這一年齡也在逐漸推遲。1964后出生的人退休年齡將為67周歲。該制度提供的退休金相當于人們退休前平均稅后工資的58%。退休金來自工薪稅，沒有投資性資產來支撐政府承諾的養老保障，這即是所謂的現收現付制。養老金與個人工作期間的收入掛鉤，但隨著退休人口與勞動人口的比例不斷上升，養老金水平會有所下降。低收入退休人群還可領取一份額外的津貼作為最低保障，許多在大企業工作的員工還有企業養老金。

France

法國

[6]Older French workers who want to retire early have a good deal: The minimum age for a full pension for most of them is just 62 as long as they’ve contributed to the system for at least 41.5 years.France has a tax-funded pension and mandatory employer programs.A worker who earned France’s median wage receives 60.8 percent of pre-retirement take-home pay.In October 2013,France raised the contribution period to receive a full public pension from 41.5 to 43 years—but only after 2020.By then,most of France’s baby boomers will have retired.

[6]希望提前退休的法國老年工作者處境不錯：大多數人只要繳納養老保險滿41.5年，就可在62周歲領取全額養老金。法國有稅收資助型養老金和強制性雇主計劃。工資收入居法國中等的勞動者將獲得退休前稅后工資的60.8%。2013年10月，法國將領取全額公共養老金的繳費年限從41.5年延長至43年，但2020年后才會生效。那時，法國嬰兒潮出生的一代人大多都已退休。

Britain

英國

[7]Britain’s government pension system is designed to protect retirees from misery,not make them comfortable.British retirees receive just 38 percent of their income from government pensions,far less than German and Italian retirees;British retirees get 26 percent from company pensions.The State Pension is a regular payment made by the government to people who have reached State Pension age.It is a “contributionbased” benefit,and depends on an individual’s National Insurance (NI)contribution history.For someone with the 30 qualifying years,it is payable at a flat rate of ￡125.95 a week (9 April 2018—7 April 2019).35 years contribution is needed to get the full new State Pension(nSP),which is currently ￡164.35 per week from 6 April 2016.

[7]英國政府的養老金制度旨在保障人們免于貧困，而非讓其生活舒適。退休人員只有38%的收入來自政府養老金，遠低于德國和意大利，26%的收入來自企業年金。政府養老金是英國政府的一項補貼，定期支付給達到養老金領取年齡的人，補貼金額視個人國民保險費的繳費情況而定。繳納國民保險費的年限達到30年，每周可領取125.95英鎊（2018年4月9日—2019年4月7日）。自2016年4月6日起，繳納國民保險費的年限必須達到35年，才能領取新政策下的全額政府養老金，現為每周164.35英鎊。

Brazil

巴西

[8]Brazil is ranked second-best of 20 countries evaluated by the Center for Strategic and International Studies8美國國際戰略研究中心于1962年成立，是現在美國國內規模最大的國際問題研究機構，總部設在華盛頓。for maintaining retirees’ incomes.But it’s only No.18 in its ability to pay for its retirement system over the long term.In the 1980s,Brazil introduced a generous government pension system before it became rich enough to afford one.The system is financed with a payroll tax;higher-paid workers contribute more.Brazilians need contribute for only 15 years to receive full benefits at age 65(for men)or 60 (or women).Men can retire at 53 if they’ve contributed to the system for 30 years,women at age 48 if they’ve contributed for 25 years.For Brazilians who earned average wages,Brazil’s pensions replace 97 percent of their old take-home pay,well above a 69 percent average for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.Brazil will strain to pay those pensions as its population ages.

[8]根據美國國際戰略研究中心評估，在為退休人員提供收入保障方面，巴西在20個國家中排名第二，但就政府對退休系統的長期負擔能力來說，僅排在第18位。20世紀80年代，巴西推出了一項慷慨的政府養老金制度，但那時其經濟實力不足以支持這一制度的推行。該制度的資金來自工薪稅，高收入者需要繳納更多費用。巴西人只需要繳費15年，就可以在65周歲（男性）或60周歲（女性）時獲得全額養老金。如果男性繳費達到30年，則可在53周歲時退休，如果女性繳費達到25年，則可在48周歲時退休。對于那些領取平均工資的巴西人而言，養老金是他們退休前稅后收入的97%，遠高于經合組織69%的平均水平。隨著人口老齡化，巴西養老金給付壓力增大。

Italy

意大利

[9]Until a 2004 reform,Italians could retire with generous benefits as early as age 57.Austerity measures enacted in response to Italy’s debt crisis have raised retirement age to 66.Pensions,along with other programs like unemployment benefits,are funded by taxes.Despite the cutbacks that will reduce pensions for future retirees,Italians still rely mostly on the state pension.There’s been discussion of ways to prod9prod督促；鼓動。people to save more by encouraging or requiring company-based pensions or private savings.Only about a quarter of Italians are covered by a company pension.Italians get 72 percent of their retirement income from the government.

[9]2004年改革之前，意大利人57周歲就可以退休，領取豐厚的養老金。為了應對債務危機，意大利采取了緊縮措施，將退休年齡提高至66周歲。養老金以及失業救濟等其他計劃都由稅收支持。雖然緊縮政策將減少未來退休人員的養老金，但意大利人退休后仍主要依靠政府養老金生活。意大利一直在討論，如何通過提倡或要求以企業年金或私人儲蓄來刺激人們增加儲蓄。但只有約四分之一的意大利人可獲得企業年金，人們72%的退休金來自政府。

Australia

澳大利亞

[10]Australia’s system is considered a model in ensuring that people save enough for retirement.A 1993 program requires employers to contribute an amount equal to 9.25 percent of a worker’s income into a retirement fund.(The required contributions will rise to 12 percent by 2020.)Australians can’t withdraw money in their accounts before retirement.Most Australians also receive a government pension financed from general tax revenue.In the Center for Strategic and International Studies’ rankings of 20 countries’ retirement systems,Australia is ranked fourthbest in ensuring comfortable incomes for its retirees.It is sixth-best in its ability to finance its system.

[10]澳大利亞的養老金制度被視為確保公民為退休養老儲備充足的典范。1993年的一項計劃要求雇主按照員工收入的9.25%繳納養老金（2020年這一比例將升至12%）。澳大利亞人在退休前不能取出這些資金。大多數澳大利亞人還領取由普通稅收收入支持的政府養老金。在美國國際戰略研究中心對20個國家退休制度的排名中，澳大利亞在保障退休人員良好待遇方面排名第四，在為養老金系統提供財政支持方面，位列第六。

South Korea

韓國

[11]South Korea’s retirement system is stingy and getting stingier.A government program pays benefits depending on average income and years of contributions.Full pensions are available at age 60;the age will rise to 65 by 2033.In 2008,the typical retiree could expect a government pension equal to half of average pre-tax earnings.But that figure is being gradually lowered to 40 percent in 2028.Employees and employers must contribute 4.5 percent of wages each toward retirement.The self-employed can choose to pay up to 9 percent.Companies also offer 401(k)-style pensions,severance10severance解雇；辭退。packages or individual retirement accounts.Workers can receive both the government nd employer plans.But many elderly South Koreans are struggling: They are living longer than they had expected and didn’t save enough for old age.Many also counted on their children to care for them in retirement—a system that’s breaking down as younger workers prefer to live on their own.The country has the developed world’s highest poverty rate among the aged: 45.1 percent,compared with an average 13.5 percent for 30 countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.

[11]韓國退休制度并不慷慨，如今愈發吝嗇。政府根據平均收入和繳費年限發放養老金。年滿60周歲時可領取全額養老金；到2033年，將延遲至65周歲。2008年，普通退休人員可領取的政府養老金相當于平均稅前收入的50%，但到2028年將逐漸降至40%。員工和雇主必須分別繳納工資的4.5%作為退休基金。自由職業者可以最高繳納工資的9%作為退休基金。公司還提供401(k)式養老金、解雇補償費或個人退休賬戶。勞動者可以同時領取政府計劃和雇主計劃兩筆退休金。但是，許多韓國老人境況窘迫：壽命超出預期，養老儲蓄不足。許多老人退休后依賴子女照料，但由于年輕人更喜歡獨自生活，這一養老體系正日漸瓦解。韓國在發達國家中老齡貧困率最高，達到4 5.1%，而經合組織的3 0個國家中，平均老齡貧困率僅為1 3.5%。

Denmark

丹麥

[12]Denmark offers a basic government pension and a supplementary benefit in which people receive less as their income rises.Government pensions are funded on a pay-as-you-go basis from tax revenue.There’s also a government pension based on an individual’s contributions at work.Additionally,90 percent of full-time workers are covered by company pensions.The typical retiree receives nearly 95 percent of average pre-retirement,take-home pay.The poorest pensioners receive an annual payment of 7,800 kroner ($1,400).The retirement age is 65,rising to 67 starting in 2024.After 2025,the retirement age will be indexed11index將（工資等）與（物價水平等）掛鉤；使指數化。to life expectancy to account for longer lifespans.■

[12]丹麥提供政府基本養老金和補充養老金，后者金額隨人們收入增加而減少。政府養老金的資金來自稅收收入，采取現收現付制。丹麥還有一種基于個人工作期間繳費的政府養老金。此外，90%的全職員工可以領取企業年金，普通退休人員可以領取的養老金約為退休前稅后工資的95%。養老金最低標準為每年7800克朗（1400美元）。丹麥人退休年齡為65周歲，從2024年起將延遲至67周歲。2025年后，隨著人們壽命的延長，退休年齡將根據情況進行調整。□