趙波 畢欣 楊米鳳 廖亞彬 崔晶晶 李艷芳 蔣雪梅

[摘要]目的 調查云南省多種民族兒童夜遺尿癥(PNE)的患病率,為進一步推廣PNE診治技術提供依據(jù)。方法 2016年4月~2017年12月,采用整群隨機抽樣的方法,選取云南省不同的8個少數(shù)民族聚集地轄區(qū)內的幼兒園、小學、初中、高中的兒童和青少年進行PNE的流行病學調查。采用部分現(xiàn)場發(fā)放調查問卷(2016年4~12月),部分微信問卷調查、網(wǎng)絡回收(2017年3~12月)的方式。結果 實際共發(fā)放調查問卷10 023份,回收9252份,有效問卷9133份,有效回收率為91.1%。云南省5~18歲兒童PNE的患病率為2.4%,其中漢族2.0%,彝族2.1%,白族1.6%,納西族1.8%,藏族5.6%,傣族1.3%,回族3.9%,哈尼族1.2%。5歲時的患病率為6.5%,7歲3.6%,10歲2.1%,18歲0.3%,有隨年齡的增加逐漸降低的趨勢。本組資料中48.7%有家族史,15.6%有便秘史,9.0%有日間尿頻,65.0%有睡前飲水、喝奶習慣。結論 云南省少數(shù)民族5~18歲的兒童PNE的患病率2.4%,但就診率低,應引起重視。調查中患病率最高的藏族5.6%,除生活習慣、文化教育水平等因素外,是否與民族、地域環(huán)境、海拔有關,有待進一步研究。
[關鍵詞]云南;少數(shù)民族;夜遺尿癥;流行病學調查
[中圖分類號] R181.3 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1674-4721(2018)12(c)-0150-03
[Abstract] Objective To provide evidence for the further promotion of diagnosis and treatment of nocturnal enuresis, which was necessary for investigating the prevalence and epidemiology of nocturnal enuresis in children of ethnic minorities in Yunnan Province. Methods From April 2016 to December 2017, a randomized cluster sampling survey was conducted to randomly select children and adolescents from kindergarten, primary school, junior high school and senior high school in eight different ethnic minority areas in Yunnan Province to conduct epidemiological investigations. The survey collected data by using the on-site survey questionnaires (from Apply to December 2016), and the Wechat questionnaires which extracted data through internet (from March to December 2017). Results Actually, a total of 10 023 questionnaires were distributed and 9252 questionnaires were finally collected. Among them, 9133 effective questionnaires had an effective recovery rate of 91.1%. The prevalence of primary nocturnal enuresis disease among children aged 5 to 18 in Yunnan Province was 2.4%. From the ethnic composition of the survey population, the incidence rate of the Han nationality was 2.0%, Yi people was 2.1%, Bai people was 2.1%, Naxi people was 2.1%, Tibetan was 5.6%, Dai people was 1.3%, Hui people was 3.9%, Hani people was 1.2%. From the age structure of the survey population, the incidence rate at age 5 was 6.57%, at age 7 was 3.6%, at age 10 was 2.1% and at age 18 was 0.3%, which suggests that the prevalence of this disease has a tendency to gradually decrease with age. In all our survey data, 48.7% of the patients had a family history of nocturnal enuresis, 15.6% of the patients have constipation, 9.0% of the patients have urinary frequency symptoms during the day, 65.0% of the patients require a habit of drinking water before bedtime. Conclusion The prevalence of primary nocturnal enuresis disease among children aged 5 to 18 in Yunnan Province was 2.4%, which deserves our attention. The highest prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in this survey was Tibetans(5.6%), and the lowest prevalence was Hani people(1.2%). Whether these survey results were related to factors such as the level of cultural and educational standards of various nationalities, and whether or not they were also related to the elevation or environment both need for further research.
[Key words] Yunnan; Ethnic minorities; Primary nocturnal enuresis; Epidemiological investigation
兒童原發(fā)性夜遺尿癥(PNE)是一種常見疾病,若得不到及時治療將對患兒身心健康及家庭生活造成嚴重危害[1-3]。兒童PNE是指年齡≥5歲兒童平均每周至少2次夜間不自主排尿,并持續(xù)3個月以上[4]。目前全國兒童和青少年PNE流行病學調查顯示總的發(fā)病率1.25%[5]。本研究對云南省少數(shù)民族兒童PNE進行流行病學調查,旨在了解云南省不同少數(shù)民族兒童PNE的發(fā)病情況,為推廣PNE的診斷治療技術提供依據(jù)。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
2016年4月~2017年12月,采用整群隨機抽樣的方法,選取昆明市、玉溪市、尋甸縣、西雙版納、楚雄、大理、麗江、香格里拉、元陽9個市、縣,對選取的行政轄區(qū)內隨機選取一所幼兒園(中、大班)、小學、初中、高中的5~18歲兒童和青少年進行PNE流行病學調查,每個地區(qū)的調查人數(shù)1200以上,抽樣人群的年齡、性別構成符合抽樣要求。平均年齡(11.4±6.2)歲;男4742例,女4391例。
1.2方法
采取問卷調查及微信調查的形式(調查內容一致),學校班主任將問卷或微信及調查說明發(fā)放家長手中。調查說明簡述該項目調查的目的及意義,并向家長承諾不推銷藥品及器械。
1.3調查指標
包括①一般項目:性別、民族、出生日期、學校名稱和班級、父母的文化程度、是否有家族史;②是否存在PNE;③是否日間有尿頻、便秘、睡前飲水;④尿床對父母的影響、對孩子的影響、是否就診、就診的科室、家長選擇的治療方式。
1.4統(tǒng)計學方法
采用SPSS 10.0統(tǒng)計軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計學分析,計量資料用均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗,計數(shù)資料用百分率(%)表示,采用χ2檢驗,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2結果
實際發(fā)放調查問卷10 023份,回收9252份,有效問卷9133份,有效回收率為91.1%。云南省5~18歲兒童、青少年PNE的患病率為2.4%,藏族患病率最高,與漢族比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)(表1)。云南省兒童PNE 5歲時的患病率6.5%,有隨年齡的增加逐漸降低的趨勢(表2)。
3討論
兒童PNE的患病率各國報道不一[6]。Sarici等[7]報道總遺尿率9.52%,香港有關資料[8]指出在7歲時患病率10.0%。本研究對云南省9個地區(qū)5~18歲兒童和青少年進行調查發(fā)現(xiàn),PNE總體患病率為2.4%。其中漢族2.0%,彝族2.1%,白族1.6%,納西族1.8%,藏族5.6%,傣族1.3%,回族3.9%,哈尼族1.2%。5歲時的患病率為6.5%,7歲3.6%,10歲2.1%,18歲0.3%,有隨年齡的增加逐漸降低的趨勢。資料中藏族的患病率最高,與漢族比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。考慮與生活飲食習慣不同、文化教育水平、排便訓練不同有關,但是否與民族、生活地域環(huán)境、海拔不同有關需進一步研究。
本組資料中48.7%有家族史,15.6%有便秘史,9.0%有日間尿頻,65.0%有睡前飲水、喝奶習慣。調查發(fā)現(xiàn)PNE對父母的困擾超過對孩子的困擾,調查人群中78.0%的家長選擇等待,16.0%選擇去氨加壓素治療,2.0%選擇遺尿報警器,4.0%采用其他方法(中藥、針灸)。就診的科室分布依次為中醫(yī)科、腎內科、泌尿外科、兒保科、心理科。
PNE跟夜間多尿、膀胱容積小、睡眠覺醒障礙有關[9-11]。目前推薦的一線治療方法為去氨加壓素及遺尿報警器[12-15]。總體來看,云南省5~8歲兒童及青少年PNE患病率較高,就診率較低,提示云南省對PNE的宣傳不夠,家長對疾病的認識不夠,應引起各級醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生人員的重視。
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