重視城市軌道交通網(wǎng)絡化管理的頂層架構設計

應名洪

（上海申通地鐵集團有限公司原董事長，中國城市軌道交通協(xié)會資深專家）

隨著城市化進程的加快，我國城市軌道交通進入了健康、有序的發(fā)展時期，運營線路總里程從2000年前的100 km左右，快速增至2015年末的3 618 km，運營線路不少于3條的城市達到11座，全國范圍內(nèi)基本形成了網(wǎng)絡化發(fā)展格局。到2020年末，運營線路總里程將達6 600 km，城市軌道交通正逐步由線路式發(fā)展向網(wǎng)絡化發(fā)展過渡和轉(zhuǎn)型，網(wǎng)絡化發(fā)展已成為重要的發(fā)展趨勢和方向。

城市軌道交通建設從線網(wǎng)規(guī)劃到單線、多線的落地形成網(wǎng)絡。網(wǎng)絡化過程是由線不斷疊加組合形成，還是在網(wǎng)絡管理架構的指導下，由線逐步接入形成，兩者在網(wǎng)絡功能和網(wǎng)絡效應方面是存在很大差別的。網(wǎng)絡化管理既要包容線路的差異性，更要服從網(wǎng)絡化管理的統(tǒng)籌功能。

現(xiàn)階段，我國城市軌道交通存在著發(fā)展階段不平衡的問題，造成了不同城市對于網(wǎng)絡化管理缺少統(tǒng)一認識，對于網(wǎng)絡級工程缺少統(tǒng)一規(guī)劃，對于網(wǎng)絡化需求缺少統(tǒng)一考慮。在網(wǎng)絡化發(fā)展的背景下，我國城市軌道交通要充分認識網(wǎng)絡化建設和管理的復雜性，要用網(wǎng)絡化的理念、網(wǎng)絡化的標準去指導網(wǎng)絡的建設和運營，通過網(wǎng)絡化管理的頂層設計，構建網(wǎng)絡級管理架構，指導線路逐步接入成網(wǎng)，實現(xiàn)統(tǒng)籌建設與協(xié)同運營，從而避免頻繁升級改造，達到線線協(xié)同運行、線網(wǎng)高效運轉(zhuǎn)、網(wǎng)絡效能充分發(fā)揮的效果。

對于網(wǎng)絡化管理的頂層設計，應該重點關注四方面內(nèi)容：一是要明確網(wǎng)絡化的基本特征、內(nèi)涵、管理理念、面臨問題與應對思路，明確為什么要開展頂層設計；二是要剖析不同網(wǎng)絡化管理模式的差異性與適用性，為選擇網(wǎng)絡化管理模式提供參考；三是要設計網(wǎng)絡管理架構，構建最頂層的網(wǎng)絡級管理架構，明確其功能定位、特征以及協(xié)同運行機制，解決網(wǎng)絡化管理“管什么”、“怎么管”、“誰來管”、“怎么做”、“怎么轉(zhuǎn)”的問題；四是要從成果應用角度編制以網(wǎng)絡化管理為核心的規(guī)范標準，為各運營主體有效推進網(wǎng)絡化發(fā)展，實現(xiàn)我國城市軌道交通網(wǎng)絡化規(guī)劃、建設與運營的規(guī)范化。

近20年的城市軌道交通快速發(fā)展期，也是對網(wǎng)絡化管理的持續(xù)探索期，北、上、廣、深等率先進入網(wǎng)絡化發(fā)展階段的城市圍繞網(wǎng)絡化主題先后開展了一系列研究與實踐，為開展網(wǎng)絡化管理的頂層設計研究奠定了基礎、創(chuàng)造了條件。進入“十三五”這一注重質(zhì)量、效益的重要發(fā)展階段，在網(wǎng)絡化發(fā)展的大趨勢下，我國城市軌道交通應重視對于網(wǎng)絡化管理的頂層設計工作，盡快啟動相關課題研究與標準編制工作，指導我國城市軌道交通的網(wǎng)絡化建設與運營，有效提升網(wǎng)絡化整體發(fā)展水平，確保各城市軌道交通系統(tǒng)發(fā)揮出良好的網(wǎng)絡功能與網(wǎng)絡效應。

Commentary

With the acceleration of the urbanization process，China′s urban rail transit has entered a healthy and orderly development period.The total mileage of operating lines rapidly increased from about 100 kilometers before 2000 to 3 618 kilometers by the end of the 2015.The cities whose operating lines are not less than 3 have reached 11.The networking development pattern has basically been formed nationwide.By the end of 2020，the total mileage of operating lines will have reached 6 600 kilometers.The urban rail transit is gradually transiting and transforming from the line-type development stage to the networking development stage，and the networking development has been an important development trend and direction.

From the line-network planning to single-line′s and multi-line′s falling to the ground，the urban rail transit constructions form networks.The networking process could be formed by lines′overlaying and combining，or could also be formed by line′s gradually accessing under the guidance of the networking management architecture.Between these two modes，there is a great difference in the network functions and effects.The networking management should not only contain the differences of lines，but still more obey the integrated function of networking management.

At present，there is a unbalance problem of development stages in the urban rail transit in China，which leads to the lack of unified understanding for networking management in different cities，unified planning for network-level projects and unified consideration for networking requirements.In the context of the networking development，China′s urban rail transit should fully recognize the complexity of the networking constructions and management.Guide the network constructions and operations with the networking concepts and the networking standards.Through the top-level designs of the networking management，the networklevel management architecture is constructed so as to guide the lines to be connected into networks gradually，to realize the integrated constructions and cooperation operations，avoiding frequently upgrading and transforming to achieve the effects of lineline coordination operations，highly-efficient operations of lines and networks and bringing network′s efficiency into full play.

For the top-level designs of the networking management，the four aspect contents should be focused on.Firstly，networking′s basic characteristics,connotations，management concepts，facing problems and reacting thinking must be clarified，and it must be made clear why the top-level designs must be carried out.Secondly，the differences and applicability of different networking management modes must be analyzed，so as to provide references for selecting the networking management mode.Thirdly，the networking management architecture should be designed，and the network-level management architecture of the top-most level must be constructed.Its functional positioning and characteristics，as well as the cooperative operation mechanism must be made clear，so as to solve the problems of the networking management：“What is managed？”，“How is it managed？”，“Who manages？”，“How is it done？”and “How is it transited？”Fourthly，the normative standards with the networking management as the core should be compiled from the perspective of the result application，so that all the main bodies of operations could effectively promote the networking development to realize the standardization of networking plan，construction and operations of China′s urban rail transit.

The rapid development period of urban rail transit in recent 20 years is also the continuous exploration period for the networking management.The first cities to enter the networking development stage，such as Beijing，Shanghai，Guangzhou and Shenzhen etc.，carried out，early or late，a series of research and practice around the networking topics，laying the foundation and creating the conditions for carrying out the top-level design research of the networking management.After entering this important development stage of “13th Five-Year Plan”focusing on quality and efficiency，and under the general trend of the networking development，the urban rail transit in our country should pay attention to the top-level design work for the networking management，start the related topic research and standard-compiling work as soon as possible，so as to guide the networking constructions and operations of China′s urban rail transit,to improve the overall networking development level effectively and to ensure that all cities′rail transit systems could play good network functions and network effects.