曹世堂 劉克祥 楊立宇 黃敏捷 王玉華
[摘 要] 目的:分析上消化道內鏡黏膜下剝離術(ESD)術后食管狹窄的原因,探討防治對策。方法:整理行ESD術治療,術后隨訪時間≥6個月的283例早期食管癌患者臨床資料,按照其隨訪期間食管狹窄發生情況分為發生組、未發生組,計算術后食管狹窄發生率,總結影響患者ESD術后食管狹窄的影響因素,并使用Spearman等級相關分析,計算影響因素與食管狹窄程度的相關性。結果:283例患者中,共有33例術后發生食管狹窄,發生率為11.66%。Logistic多因素回歸分析得出浸潤深度m3為影響上消化道ESD術后食管狹窄的獨立危險因素,病變環周范圍<1/2為保護因素(P<0.05)。Spearman等級相關分析顯示病變環周范圍、病變浸潤深度與食管狹窄程度均具有關聯性(P<0.05)。結論:上消化道ESD術后食管狹窄與病變環周范圍、浸潤深度有關,早期識別高危因素并實施預防性球囊擴張有望降低術后食管狹窄風險。
[關鍵詞] 上消化道腫瘤;內鏡黏膜下剝離術;食管狹窄;防治
中圖分類號:R571 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:2095-5200(2017)05-048-03
DOI:10.11876/mimt201705020
Causes and preventions of esophageal stenosis after endoscopic submucosal dissection of upper gastrointestinal tract CAO Shitang1, LIU Kexiang2, YANG Liyu3, HUANG Minjie4, WANG Yuhua5.
(1. Department of Gastroenterology,256 Clinical Department, Bethune International Peace Hospital;2. Department of Neurology, 256 Clinical Department, Bethune International Peace Hospital;3.Medical Service, 256 Clinical Department, Bethune International Peace Hospital;4. Department of Infectious Disease, 256 Clinical Department, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhengding050800, china;
5. Department of Oncology,Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050081, china)
[Abstract] Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the causes of esophageal stenosis after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) of upper gastrointestinal tract and to explore the countermeasures of prevention and cure. Methods: The clinical data of 283 cases of early esophageal cancer patients who had had ESD treatment and whose postoperative follow-up time≥6 months were collected and the cases were divided into occurrence group and no occurrence group according to the occurrence of esophageal stenosis during follow-up period. The incidence rate of postoperative esophageal stenosis was calculated, and the influencing factors of esophageal stenosis after ESD surgery were summarized. The correlation between the influencing factors and the degree of esophageal stenosis was calculated by Spearman rank correlation analysis. Results: There were 33 cases of esophageal stenosis after ESD surgery in 283 patients, with an incidence rate of 11.66%. Logistic multivariate regression analysis showed that the depth of invasion, m3, was an independent risk factor of esophageal stenosis after ESD surgery of upper gastrointestinal tract, and the range of lesion cycle<1/2 was a protective factor (P<0.05). Spearman rank correlation analysis showed that the range of lesion cycle, the depth of invasion and the degree of esophageal stenosis were related (P<0.05). Conclusions: The esophageal stenosis after ESD surgery of upper gastrointestinal tract is related to the range of lesion cycle and the depth of invasion. Early identification of high-risk factors and implementation of prophylactic balloon dilatation are expected to reduce the risk of postoperative esophageal stenosis.endprint
[Key words] upper gastrointestinal tumors; endoscopic submucosal dissection; esophageal stenosis; prevention and cure
內鏡黏膜下剝離術(ESD)能夠顯著減少腫瘤殘留、降低局部復發率[1]。隨著ESD技術的不斷成熟,較大的食管病變甚至是環周型食管病變也可得到有效治療,但黏膜下較大范圍切除在一定程度上增加了術后遲發性出血、穿孔、消化道出血等并發癥發生風險[2]。食管狹窄是食管癌術后最常見并發癥之一,且往往伴隨吞咽困難甚至吸入性肺炎[3-4]。因此,本研究就上消化道ESD術后食管狹窄的原因進行了回顧性分析。
1 資料與方法
1.1 對象
整理2014年3月至2016年12月283例接受ESD的早期食管癌患者臨床資料,患者術后隨訪時間≥6個月;排除術后接受二次手術治療或放射治療者以及術后病理提示腫瘤浸潤深度超過黏膜下層1/3者。283例患者中,男185例,女98例,年齡31~85歲,平均(67.04±8.92)歲;病變位置:上段10例,中段205例,下段58例,連接部10例;合并癥:糖尿病37例,高血壓53例。
患者由經驗豐富的同手術組醫師實施,術中所用設備、儀器型號均相同,其中51例患者病變分次切除[5],232例患者病變完整切除。術畢回收并展開病變黏膜,固定于軟木板上,標記口側與肛側端,測量病變最大直徑,參照WHO制定的相關標準判斷病理分型與浸潤深度,浸潤深度判斷標準[6]:m:腫瘤位于上皮內層;m2:腫瘤浸潤黏膜固有層;m3:腫瘤浸潤黏膜肌層;sm1:腫瘤浸潤深度超過黏膜下層1/3。
1.2 分析方法
食管狹窄判斷標準[7]:直徑9.8 mm標準內鏡難以通過食管管腔,合并攝食、消化功能障礙;食管狹窄分級標準[8]:輕度:0.6 cm≤食管直徑0.6<1.0 cm,可進半流食;中度:0.3 cm≤食管直徑<0.6 cm,僅可進流食;重度:食管直徑<0.3 cm,流食攝食困難。按照其隨訪期間食管狹窄發生情況,將其分別納入發生組、未發生組,計算術后食管狹窄發生率并比較發生于未發生組臨床資料,總結影響患者ESD術后食管狹窄的影響因素,并使用Spearman等級相關分析,計算影響因素與食管狹窄程度的相關性,數據以SPSS19.0軟件進行統計。
2 結果
共有33例術后發生食管狹窄,發生率為11.66%,狹窄發生時間為術后3周~3個月,平均時間(1.96±0.35)個月;狹窄程度:輕度6例(18.18%),中度12例(36.36%),重度15例(45.45%);發生食管狹窄患者中,31例經2~10次球囊擴張治療后癥狀改善,其余2例多次球囊擴張治療效果不佳,行覆膜支架治療后癥狀好轉。
發生組與未發生組病灶直徑、病變環周范圍、浸潤深度比較,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。見表1。
Logistic多因素回歸分析浸潤深度m3為影響上消化道ESD術后食管狹窄的獨立危險因素,病變環周范圍<1/2為保護因素(P<0.05)。
Spearman等級相關分析示,病變環周范圍(r=0.481)、病變浸潤深度(r=0.690)與食管狹窄程度均具有關聯性(P<0.05)。
3 討論
食管狹窄是食管癌ESD術后常見并發癥之一,其原因與食管黏膜缺損面積較大、功能長時間受損有關[9],此外,食管創面愈合后創面纖維化的進展、創面攣縮以及瘢痕的形成,也可加劇炎癥反應、細胞增生及重構,導致食管狹窄發生[10-11]。此次研究283例患者術后食管狹窄發生率達11.66%,與過往報道接近[12]。
病變環周范圍超過1/2意味著病變范圍較大,ESD術中需實施大面積食管黏膜切除,術后造成的人工潰瘍面隨之增大,同時,潰瘍的纖維化與疤痕化也愈發嚴重,均導致食管狹窄風險大幅上升[13]。潰瘍的修復過程包括黏膜缺損周圍的正常上皮細胞再生以及肉芽組織成熟為結締組織兩個過程,術后早期,食管潰瘍炎性反應占據主導,而較大的切除范圍往往導致炎性反應延遲消退、食管壁順應性恢復緩慢,也在一定程度上增加了食管狹窄風險[14-15]。此次研究回歸分析、相關性分析都提示隨著病變環周范圍的增加,患者術后食管狹窄程度也有所上升,說明病變環周范圍大是導致食管狹窄的危險因素。
灶浸潤深度達到m3級意味著黏膜肌層已受到侵犯,此時固有肌層受到嚴重破壞,肌纖維萎縮、纖維化明顯,是導致食管狹窄發生的重要原因;同時,較深的浸潤程度對黏膜切除深度也提出了較高的要求,術中深層組織的熱力損傷可導致組織壞死形成瘢痕,造成固有肌層萎縮、肌細胞去分化并向成纖維細胞轉變,影響創面愈合過程,誘發食管狹窄發生[16]。因此,隨著病灶浸潤深度的增加,患者術后食管狹窄分級亦呈上升趨勢。
關于ESD術后食管狹窄的防治,當前臨床尚無統一結論,多數學者認為,口服激素治療能夠在一定程度上降低術后食管狹窄發生風險,但也有研究指出,激素在預防食管狹窄方面的作用有限[17]。在激素防治作用尚不明確的前提下,筆者認為,可注重患者術后食管狹窄風險的早期評估,對于高危患者實施早期預防性球囊擴張治療。也有學者建議,術中結合組織細胞工程支架、自體黏膜上皮移植、兩步法邊緣組織切除等新技術,可能能夠抑制炎癥反應、促進黏膜再生,從而預防食管狹窄發生[18]。
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