湯蓓 石鍵 周玲 沈紅衛 吳慧平 胡佳元 鄭紹儉
線粒體Omi/HtrA2信號通路參與人腦挫裂傷后神經細胞凋亡的研究
湯蓓 石鍵 周玲 沈紅衛 吳慧平 胡佳元 鄭紹儉
目的揭示人腦急性創傷性腦損傷后Omi/HtrA2介導的神經細胞凋亡線粒體途徑的激活。方法選擇100例腦外傷開顱手術中獲得的腦挫裂傷腦組織作為外傷組,另外選擇100例腦出血患者手術徑路中獲得的正常腦組織作為對照組,采用流式細胞儀檢測神經細胞凋亡,采用Western-blot檢測Omi/HtrA2、X染色體連鎖凋亡抑制蛋白(XIAP)、pro-caspase 3、pro-caspase 9和剪切聚腺苷二磷酸-核糖多聚酶(PARP)表達,采用四肽熒光底物法檢測caspase 3和caspase 9活性。結果外傷組腦組織凋亡神經細胞比例、Omi/HtrA2、pro-caspase 3、pro-caspase 9和剪切PARP表達及caspase 3和caspase 9活性較對照組顯著升高(均P<0.01),外傷組腦組織XIAP表達較對照組顯著下降(P<0.01)。外傷組腦組織Omi/HtrA2表達與凋亡神經細胞比率、pro-caspase 3、pro-caspase 9和剪切PARP表達及caspase 3和caspase 9活性呈顯著正相關(均P<0.01),與XIAP表達呈顯著負相關(P<0.01);外傷組腦組織XIAP表達與凋亡神經細胞比率、pro-caspase 3、pro-caspase 9和剪切PARP表達及caspase 3和caspase 9活性呈顯著負相關(均P<0.01)。結論Omi/HtrA2介導的線粒體途徑可能參與人急性創傷性腦損傷后神經細胞凋亡過程。
人類創傷性腦損傷神經細胞凋亡Omi/HtrA2
線粒體凋亡途徑是急性創傷性腦損傷后神經細胞凋亡的主要途徑之一[1-3]。Omi/HtrA2作為一種線粒體絲氨酸蛋白酶,可降解染色體連鎖凋亡抑制蛋白(XIAP),解除對caspase蛋白的活性抑制,從而激發細胞凋亡[4-11]。動物實驗證實,Omi/HtrA2介導的線粒體信號通路參與了膿毒癥、癲癇和腦缺血/灌注損傷后神經細胞凋亡過程[12-14]。本研究通過檢測人腦挫裂傷腦組織凋亡神經細胞,觀察Omi/HtrA2、XIAP、剪切聚腺苷二磷酸-核糖多聚酶(PARP)、pro-caspase 3和pro-caspase 9等表達情況,揭示人腦急性腦損傷后Omi/HtrA2介導的神經細胞凋亡線粒體信號途徑的激活,從而為臨床急性腦損傷病理生理機制和分子治療的研究提供新方向。
1.1 對象收集2013年1月至2016年6月建德市第一人民醫院經開顱手術治療的腦挫裂傷患者共100例(外傷組),男60例,女40例,年齡18~78(44.7±14.8)歲。選擇同期開顱手術治療的高血壓性基底節區腦出血患者100例作為對照組,男56例,女44例,年齡41~78(58.0±11.4)歲。外傷組腦標本為開顱手術中腦挫裂傷組織,對照組腦標本為手術徑路中正常腦組織。兩組患者均未合并其他部位嚴重外傷、神經系統疾病、惡性腫瘤、嚴重感染及免疫性疾病。兩組患者性別、年齡比較差異均無統計學意義(均P>0.05)。本研究經建德市第一人民醫院倫理委員會同意,所有家屬均簽署知情同意書。
1.2 神經細胞凋亡檢測粉碎腦組織后,用尼龍網過濾細胞團塊,離心后棄去上清液,然后用700ml/L乙醇固定,由杭州柯帝生物技術有限公司采用流式細胞儀(美國BD公司FACSCB flow cytometer)檢測凋亡神經細胞。應用Cell Quest軟件獲取細胞10 000個,進行凋亡細胞計數。以Mod Fit軟件進行凋亡峰擬合及細胞周期分析并繪制DNA分布圖,G1期前的G1亞峰(Ap)即為凋亡峰,結果以凋亡百分數表示。
1.3 蛋白表達的檢測制作腦組織勻漿,由杭州柯帝生物技術有限公司采用Western-blot檢測腦組織Omi/HtrA2、XIAP、剪切PARP、pro-caspase 3和pro-caspase 9等表達情況。采用二辛可寧酸法測定蛋白濃度,50μg蛋白經電泳后,電轉移至PVDF膜上,5%脫脂奶粉Tris 0.9%氯化鈉溶液和吐溫20緩沖液(TBST)室溫封閉1h;加入相應單克隆抗體4℃孵育過夜,TBST洗膜3次;加入HRP標記的IgG二抗室溫搖床孵育1h,TBST洗膜3次;化學發光試劑作用5min,X光膠片曝光。沖洗并掃描后結果用Quality one軟件分析雜交條帶灰度值,以β-actin水平為內對照,計算相對灰度值,即為蛋白表達水平。
1.4 蛋白活性的檢測取腦組織制作勻漿,由杭州柯帝生物技術有限公司采用四肽熒光底物法檢測caspase-3和caspase-9蛋白活性。取腦組織勻漿100μl和caspase-3底物AC-DEVD-AMC或caspase-9底物ACLEHD-AFC 10μl,加入HEPES緩沖液至1ml,37℃孵育1 h。使用熒光分光光度計在激發波長400nm,釋放波長505nm處測定熒光強度,以未加腦組織時的熒光強度為參照值,計算熒光強度,結果以相對熒光強度表示。
1.5 統計學處理應用SPSS19.0統計軟件,計量資料以表示,組間比較采用t檢驗;計數資料組間比較采用χ2檢驗;采用Pearson相關分析揭示各變量間的關系。P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2.1 兩組患者腦組織各指標的比較外傷組腦組織凋亡神經細胞比例、Omi/HtrA2、pro-caspase 3、pro-caspase 9和剪切PARP表達及caspase 3和caspase 9活性較對照組均明顯升高(均P<0.01),外傷組腦組織XIAP表達較對照組明顯下降(P<0.01),見圖1、表1。

圖1 兩組腦組織Omi/HtrA2、XIAP、pro-caspase 3、pro-caspase 9和剪切PARP表達的比較
2.2 外傷組各指標的相關性分析外傷組腦組織Omi/HtrA2表達與凋亡神經細胞比例、pro-caspase 3、procaspase 9和剪切PARP表達及caspase 3和caspase 9活性均呈正相關性(r=0.533、0.529、0.583、0.601、0.621、0.541,均P<0.01),與XIAP表達均呈負相關性(r=-0.568,P<0.01);外傷組腦組織XIAP表達與凋亡神經細胞比例、pro-caspase 3、pro-caspase 9和剪切PARP表達及caspase 3和caspase 9活性均呈負相關性(r=-0.610、-0.494、-0.583、-0.611、-0.594、-0.550,均P<0.01)。

表1 兩組患者腦組織各指標的比較
神經細胞凋亡是導致顱腦損傷后神經功能障礙的重要原因之一,抑制神經細胞凋亡可以明顯改善顱腦損傷動物的神經功能[15-17]。pro-caspase 3、pro-caspase 9、PARP、caspase 3和caspase 9等在神經細胞凋亡中具有重要作用,這些蛋白表達的升高促進了神經細胞凋亡的發生[18-20]。正如本研究所發現,凋亡神經細胞比例、procaspase 3、pro-caspase 9和剪切PARP表達及caspase 3和caspase 9活性在顱腦損傷患者挫傷腦組織中明顯升高。這些數據說明,神經細胞凋亡確實在人類顱腦損傷后繼發性腦損傷中扮有重要的角色。
線粒體途徑是神經細胞凋亡重要的信號通路之一。Omi/HtrA2是一種由內質網合成的絲氨酸蛋白酶,由MTS/MLS引導轉運進入線粒體,通過自身蛋白酶解或者被線粒體加工肽酶降解形成成熟的Omi分子[4-8]。當細胞受到刺激發生應激反應而線粒體膜通透性增加時,Omi/HtrA2分子從線粒體釋放并進入細胞質而發揮作用[9-11]。XIAP是內源性caspases抑制物,可結合和抑制活化的caspase 9。當細胞受到刺激后,Omi/HtrA2分子被釋放到細胞質,降解XIAP,解除了XIAP對caspase 9的抑制,導致下游caspase 3活化,進而DNA斷裂而發生細胞凋亡[6,11]。目前動物實驗已經證實,腦損傷大鼠皮層Omi/HtrA2表達增高,而XIAP表達降低[12-14]。本研究留取顱腦損傷患者腦挫傷皮層進而檢測Omi/HtrA2和XIAP表達,也發現了類似的結果。同時,本研究發現,Omi/HtrA2表達與凋亡神經細胞比例、pro-caspase 3、pro-caspase 9和剪切PARP表達及caspase 3和caspase 9活性呈正相關,與XIAP表達均呈負相關;XIAP表達與凋亡神經細胞比例、pro-caspase 3、pro-caspase 9和剪切PARP表達及caspase 3和caspase 9活性均呈負相關。這些說明,Omi/HtrA2介導的線粒體途徑可能參與了人類外傷性腦損傷后神經細胞凋亡的發生。
目前已有研究揭示,Omi/HtrA2的特異性抑制劑(UCF-101)可明顯減少膿毒癥或腦缺血大鼠的神經細
胞凋亡,一定程度上改善神經功能[12-14]。這些研究結果也從另外一個方面說明,特異性地抑制Omi/HtrA2表達可能抑制顱腦損傷后神經細胞,從而改善顱腦損傷患者,這也為顱腦損傷治療提供了新思路。
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Mitochondrial Omi/HtrA2 signaling pathway involved in neuronal apoptosis after cerebral contusion and laceration
TANG Bei,SHI Jian,ZHOU Ling,et al.
Department of Intensive Care Unit,Jiande First People's Hospital,Jiande 311600,China
ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of Omi/HtrA2 mediated mitochondrial signaling pathway in neuronal apoptosis after acute traumatic brain injury.MethodsBrain tissue samples were collected during craniotomy from 100 patients with cerebral contusion and laceration(trauma group),and normal brain tissue samples were collected from 100 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage(control group).Flow cytometry was applied to determine apoptotic neuronal cells,Western-blotting was performed to test expressions of Omi/HtrA2,X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein(XIAP),pro-caspase-3,pro-caspase-9 and cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase(PARP),and four peptide fluorescence substrate method was employed to detect activities of caspase 3 and caspase 9 proteins.Results Percentage of apoptotic nerve cells,expressions of Omi/HtrA2,pro-caspase 3,pro-caspase 9 and cleaved PARP as well as activities of caspase 3 and caspase 9 proteins were significantly higher and the expression of XIAP was significantly lower in brain tissues of trauma group than those in control group(allP<0.01).In trauma group,expression of Omi/HtrA2 was positively correlated with percentage of apoptotic nerve cells,expressions of pro-caspase 3,pro-caspase 9 and cleaved PARP as well as activities of caspase 3 and caspase 9 proteins,and negatively correlation with the expression of XIAP.The expression of XIAP was negatively correlated with percentage of apoptotic nerve cells,expressions of Omi/HtrA2,pro-caspase 3,pro-caspase 9 and cleaved PARP as well as activities of caspase 3 and caspase 9 proteins.Conclusion Omi/HtrA2 mediated mitochondrial signaling pathway may be involved in neuronal apoptosis after acute traumatic brain injury.
Human Traumatic brain injury Neuronal apoptosisOmi/HtraA2
10.12056/j.issn.1006-2785.2017.39.20.2017-377
浙江省醫藥衛生科技計劃平臺項目(2014ZDA019)
311600建德市第一人民醫院重癥醫學科(湯蓓、周玲、沈紅衛、吳慧平、胡佳元),腦外科(鄭紹儉);浙江大學醫學院附屬第二醫院腦外科(石鍵)
周玲,E-mail:95225410@qq.com
2017-02-27)
(本文編輯:嚴瑋雯)