羅燦燦,沈家葆,黃小芳,郭 媛,胡勝武
(1.旱區作物逆境生物學國家重點實驗室,陜西楊凌 712100;2.西北農林科技大學 農學院,陜西楊凌 712100)
甘藍型油菜MSL不育系花藥發育的細胞學研究
羅燦燦1,2,沈家葆2,黃小芳2,郭 媛2,胡勝武1,2
(1.旱區作物逆境生物學國家重點實驗室,陜西楊凌 712100;2.西北農林科技大學 農學院,陜西楊凌 712100)
為了揭示MSL (male sterility lembke) 的小孢子敗育時期及其特點,從而促進中國及世界油菜雜種優勢利用的步伐。選用MSL衍生系的不育材料和可育材料為試驗材料,采用常規壓片和石蠟切片技術,觀察其花藥發育過程。通過對MSL不育材料的細胞學觀察,發現MSL可發育到四分體時期,四分體不同程度皺縮,絨氈層徑向伸長,并含有一個特別大的液泡,液泡將細胞核和細胞質擠向細胞的一邊,胞質濃縮。隨著發育的進行,絨氈層進一步伸長,向內擠壓四分體,腔室體積變小。緊接著液泡化并且伸長了的絨氈層和濃縮的四分體溶解在一起,花粉囊橫切面的形狀發生改變,由圓形變成長條形,最后整個花藥室萎縮。結果表明MSL的敗育時期為四分體時期,由于絨氈層的異常而導致敗育。
甘藍型油菜;細胞核雄性不育;MSL;花藥敗育;細胞學觀察
油菜作為重要的油料作物,雜種優勢顯著,油菜雜種優勢利用的主要授粉控制系統包括細胞核雄性不育、細胞質雄性不育、化學殺雄、自交不親和,其中細胞核雄性不育,是油菜雜種優勢育種中一個重要的授粉控制系統[1]。隨著大家對核不育的重視,核不育在高粱[2]、大豆[3]、油菜[4]、小麥[5]和棉花[6]上取得成功應用。
目前,油菜中已報道的核不育類型有顯性核不育[7]、雙隱性核不育[8-10]和3對基因控制的隱性核不育[11-12]。油菜MSL (male sterility lembke) 系統是德國NPZ (Norddeutsche Pflanzenzucht Hans-Georg Lembke) 育種公司1984年發現的一種天然突變體,是目前歐洲雜交油菜生產的主要授粉控制系統[13-14]。經典遺傳學和分子遺傳學對MSL進行遺傳分析和驗證,認為MSL由1對隱性不育基因和1對隱性上位抑制基因互作控制[15],到目前為止,有關MSL花藥敗育的細胞學特征還未見報道。
前人對油菜核不育材料花藥敗育的細胞學觀察發現,大多花藥敗育發生于花粉母細胞至單核花粉時期。比如隱性核不育材料S45A和117A在四分體至單核小孢子階段發生敗育,表現為小孢子不能形成花粉壁并且絨氈層細胞徑向肥大和液泡化[16]。隱性核不育材料9012A[11]及其衍生材料1740A[17]花藥敗育于四分體時期,9012A敗育是由于絨氈層細胞未能成功轉化為分泌型細胞,無法分泌胼胝質酶降解胼胝質,導致四分體不能從胼胝質中釋放出來[16,18];1740A敗育是由于胼胝質不能解體和絨氈層細胞的徑向肥大所致[17]。顯性核不育株Rsl046A[19]、Shaan-GMS的衍生材料0A30A[20]、溫敏核不育系TE5A[21]和核不育系宜3A[22]花藥敗育原因都是減數分裂異常導致無法形成二分體及四分體。溫敏核不育系H50S[23]和373S[24],光溫敏核不育系Huiyou50S[25]均為單核花粉敗育型。
本研究以MSL的衍生系5A135AB為試驗材料,采用常規壓片和石蠟切片,觀察其花藥發育過程,明確MSL花藥敗育時期和特點,為揭示該材料的雄性不育機理及深入利用奠定基礎。本試驗結果在油菜雜種優勢利用方面具有重要的理論與實踐意義。
供試材料為兩型系5A135AB,其中不育株為5A135A,可育株為5A135B。5A135AB是從雜交種Marthow自交后代中分離而來,該雜交種是基于德國NPZ育種公司的油菜MSL雄性不育系配置而成。Marthow為捷克作物研究所Miroslav Klima博士惠贈。供試材料于2015年9月中旬播種于西北農林科技大學北校區農學院標本園,田間管理同一般大田常規管理。
1.2.1 常規壓片 2016年4月初,取初花期不育株5A135A和可育株5A135B主花序以及上部分枝的花蕾,立刻放入卡諾固定液[V(無水乙醇)∶V(冰乙酸)=3∶1]中固定1 h,100%(體積分數,下同)、95%、85%梯度酒精洗滌各2 h,然后轉入75%的酒精中,于4 ℃冰箱保存備用。使用時先取花蕾6枚雄蕊中的1枚雄蕊,放在1 mol/L的鹽酸中解離20 min,然后經1%醋酸洋紅染色壓片,在Olympus BX51 光學顯微鏡下鏡檢花藥發育時期并照相[20]。
1.2.2 石蠟切片 將保存在75%酒精中的已確定發育時期的材料經85%、95%、100%、100%梯度酒精脫水各2 h,經酒精和二甲苯體積比分別為1∶1、0∶1、0∶1透明各2 h,60 ℃浸蠟3次,每次2 h,56~58 ℃進行石蠟包埋,將修好的花蕾包埋塊橫切,切片厚度為6~8 μm,40 ℃的蒸餾水粘片,放入60 ℃的烘箱2 h烘干,3次二甲苯各25 min脫蠟,100%、95%、85%、70%、50%、30%梯度酒精復水各5 min,蒸餾水水洗5 min,0.1%甲苯胺藍水溶液染色5 s,阿拉伯樹膠封片,Olympus BX51 光學顯微鏡觀察、照相[26]。
根據常規壓片結果,甘藍型油菜對照可育株5A135B花藥發育的主要細胞學時期包括減數分裂期、四分體時期、小孢子時期、花粉后期、成熟花粉期。減數分裂期花粉母細胞在胼胝質的包裹下進行減數分裂(圖1-A),減數分裂結束后形成四分體(圖1-B),胼胝質降解,小孢子從四分體中釋放出來,合成花粉壁,細胞核被液泡擠向一邊,小孢子三邊加厚(圖1-C),隨著發育的進行,小孢子體積增大(圖1-D),花粉進一步發育,形成2個生殖核,花粉粒發育成熟(圖1-E)。不育材料5A135A減數分裂時期發育正常,花粉母細胞在胼胝質內經歷2次減數分裂(圖1-F)、形成正常的四分體(圖1-G),但是在四分體發育后期,包裹在胼胝質內的四分體被擠壓變形(圖1-H),四分體不斷皺縮(圖1-I),最后四分體傾向于解體(圖1-J)。不育材料花藥發育只能發育到四分體時期,被胼胝質包裹的四分體不能被成功釋放,擠壓變形,不斷皺縮直至解體。所以,5A135A敗育時期發生在四分體時期。
從石蠟切片結果來看,可育株5A135B花藥發育主要經歷花粉母細胞時期、減數分裂期、四分體時期、單核期、雙核期和成熟期。花粉母細胞早期粘連在一團(圖2-A),隨后以多邊形分離,開始減數分裂(圖2-B),形成四分體(圖2-C),接著四分體周圍的胼胝質解體,釋放出小孢子,隨著小孢子外壁的孢粉素和脂類物質的積累,單核小孢子三邊加厚(圖2-G);單核小孢子第一次有絲分裂,形成雙核花粉粒,此時絨氈層發生解體(圖2-H);雙核花粉粒再進行一次有絲分裂,形成成熟花粉粒,絨氈層幾乎完全降解(圖2-I)。
不育材料5A135A在花粉母細胞時期發育正常,花粉母細胞形狀規則、排列緊密,絨氈層細胞整齊地排列在花粉母細胞的外圈(圖2-D);減數分裂時期絨氈層細胞體積變大,內含大液泡,減數分裂體由胼胝質包裹進行減數分裂(圖2-E);和可育材料相比,不育材料在四分體時期出現明顯差異,絨氈層徑向伸長向內擠壓四分體,絨氈層細胞內含有一個特別大的液泡,液泡將細胞核和細胞質擠向細胞的一邊,胞質濃縮(圖2-F)。隨著發育的進行,未發現形成小孢子,并且絨氈層進一步伸長,向內擠壓四分體,腔室體積變小(圖2-J);花粉囊的橫切面開始變形,變成長條形(圖2-K),最后,絨氈層和皺縮了的四分體全部解體,整個花粉囊萎縮(圖2-L)。根據石蠟切片結果,判斷5A135A不育材料在四分體以后小孢子無法釋放出來,同時絨氈層異常膨大,向內擠壓四分體,花藥室變形,最終導致敗育。
油菜MSL系統是德國NPZ育種公司發明的一種油菜不育系統,是目前歐洲油菜雜種生產的主要授粉控制系統[13-14]。本研究通過對MSL衍生系5A135A花藥敗育的壓片及石蠟切片觀察結果顯示,其敗育時期為四分體時期。主要特征是,四分體不同程度皺縮,絨氈層徑向伸長,并含有一個特別大的液泡,液泡將細胞核和細胞質擠向細胞的一邊,胞質濃縮。隨著發育的進行,絨氈層進一步伸長,向內擠壓四分體,腔室體積變小。緊接著液泡化并且伸長了的絨氈層和濃縮的四分體溶解在一起,花粉囊的形狀發生改變,由圓形變成長條形,最后整個花藥室萎縮。本研究結果顯示,MSL敗育時期和隱性核不育材料9012A[16,18]及其衍生材料1740A[17]相同,均為四分體時期。敗育特征也很相似,絨氈層細胞大液泡化并且徑向伸長,向內擠壓四分體。有研究發現在白菜[27]、辣椒[28]、馬鈴薯[29]、紅麻[30]花藥敗育特點中也存在類似的現象。在花藥發育的過程中,輸送花藥小孢子發育所需的營養物質是絨氈層主要的功能之一。已有研究表明,異常發育的絨氈層會引起花藥敗育[31]。分為2種形式,分別是絨氈層細胞的程序化死亡進程異常[32]和絨氈層細胞自身的發育異常[33]。本研究的MSL敗育原因屬于后者,是絨氈層細胞在四分體時期異常徑向伸長,無法正常提供營養物質,反而向內擠壓小孢子,侵占小孢子生長所必需的空間,最終使得花藥敗育。在油菜中,已發現一些基因與絨氈層細胞的發育相關,如曾芳琴[34]報道的 BnCYP704BJ基因和夏秀云[35]研究的 BnATA20基因, BnCYP704BJ基因如果突變,會以影響絨氈層分泌合成脂類物質的方式引起敗育, BnATA20基因的突變體以絨氈層異常膨大的形式敗育。因此,隨著生物科技的發展,已經可以人為地通過基因工程方式獲得雄性不育系。

A.可育、減數分裂期 Fertile,meiosis stage;B.可育、四分體時期 Fertile,tetrad stage;C.可育、小孢子時期 Fertile,microspore stage;D.可育、花粉后期 Fertile,later pollen stage;E.可育、成熟花粉期 Fertile,mature pollen stage;F.不育、減數分裂期 Sterile,meiosis stage;G.不育、四分體時期 Sterile,tetrad stage;H,I,J.不育、敗育的四分體形態 Sterile,deformed tetrad morphology;標尺為10 μm Scale bars=10 μm
圖1甘藍型油菜可育株5A135B和不育株5A135A花藥發育的主要細胞學時期
Fig.1Majorcytologicaleventsduringantherdevelopmentinfertileplants5A135Bandsterileplants5A135AinB.napus

A.可育、花粉母細胞時期 Fertile,pollen mother cell stage;B.可育、減數分裂期 Fertile,meiosis stage;C.可育、四分體時期 Fertile,tetrad stage;D.不育、花粉母細胞時期 Sterile,pollen mother cell stage;E.不育、減數分裂期 Sterile,meiosis stage;F.不育、四分體時期 Sterile,tetrad stage;G.可育、單核期 Fertile,uninuclear microspore stage;H.可育、雙核期 Fertile,binuclear microspore stage;I.可育、成熟期 Fertile,mature pollen stage;J.不育、四分體時期的敗育花粉囊 Sterile,degenerated anther sac at tetrad stage;K-L.不育、敗育花粉囊 Sterile,degenerated anther sac;T.絨氈層 Tapetum;PMCs.花粉母細胞 Pollen mother cells;MC.減數分裂體 Meiotic cell;Tds.四分體 Tetrads;Msp.小孢子 Microspores;標尺在A、B、D、E、F、J中為10 μm,在C、G、H、I、K、L中為20 μm Scale bars in A,B,D,E,F,J were 10 μm and in C,G,H,I,K,L were 20 μm
圖2甘藍型油菜可育株5A135B和不育株5A135A花藥發育主要時期的石蠟切片觀察
Fig.2Paraffinsectionofmajoreventsduringantherdevelopmentoffertileplants5A135Bandsterileplants5A135AinB.napus
綜上,本研究揭示了MSL的敗育時期和敗育特征,豐富了油菜核不育材料MSL的理論內容,為日后深入利用該材料奠定了基礎,同時對促進中國及世界油菜雜種優勢利用的步伐,具有深遠的意義。
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CytologicalObservationonAntherDevelopmentofGenicMaleSterileLineMSLinBrassicanapusL.
LUO Cancan1,2,SHEN Jiabao2,HUANG Xiaofang2,GUO Yuan2and HU Shengwu1,2
(1.State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas,Yangling Shaanxi 712100,China;2.College of Agronomy,Northwest A&F University,Yangling Shaanxi 712100,China)
To characterize MSL (male sterility lembke) anther abortion and promote its utilization in breeding of hybrid rapeseed (BrassicanapusL.) in China,even in the world,cytological observations of the anther development in sterile line which developed on the basis of MSL were employed in the study. The results revealed that anther development of the MSL had been abnormal at tetrad stage,and some tetrads had concentrated. The tapetal cell extended radially and contained a particularly large vacuole. The vacuole squeezed the nucleus and cytoplasm to one side of the cell,which it lead to the cytoplasm concentrated. The tapetum occupied the space of the tetrads. Along with the tapetum continued to swelled,the locule was getting smaller and smaller. Sequentially,the vacuolized,elongated tapetum and the concentrated tetrads dissolved together,and the shape of the anther sac changed from a circle to a long strip shape,and the anther sac atrophied finally. The results showed that anther of MSL aborted at tetrad stage,because it could not form functional tapetal cells.
BrassicanapusL. ; Genetic male sterility; MSL; Anther abortion; Cytological observation
2017-04-04
2017-06-01
Earmarked Fund for China Agricultural Research System(No.CARS-13).
LUO Cancan,female,master student. Research area:genetics and breeding of rapeseed. E-mail: 18956141956@163.com
S565.4
A
1004-1389(2017)10-1470-07
日期:2017-10-18
網絡出版地址:http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/61.1220.S.20171018.1733.016.html
2017-04-04
2017-06-01
現代農業產業技術體系建設專項資金(CARS-13)。
羅燦燦,女,碩士研究生,從事油菜遺傳育種研究。E-mail: 18956141956@163.com
胡勝武,男,博士,教授,博士生導師,主要從事油菜遺傳育種研究。E-mail:swhu83251@nwsuaf.edu.cn
CorrespondingauthorHU Shengwu,male,Ph.D,professor,doctoral supervisor.Research area:genetics and breeding of rapeseed.E-mail:swhu83251@nwsuaf.edu.cn
(責任編輯:成敏Responsibleeditor:CHENGMin)