孫麗娜+Bing+Yu+沈培鑫



摘 要:通過兩臺攝像機拍攝我國優秀跳高運動員張國偉一次訓練課中試跳三個不同高度[2.10 米(4 次試跳)、2.15 米(5 次試跳)和 2.20 米(5 次試跳)]助跑最后一步、起跳和過桿的過程,將其14次運動學參數與 9 名美國優秀男子跳高運動員 25 次試跳的數據進行對比。張國偉跳高技術特點表現為:1)助跑最后兩步弧度較小接近直線;2)助跑時重心比較高,最后一步落地時重心較高;3)起跳點距離橫桿過近造成最大過桿高度遠在橫桿后面;4)助跑最后一步方向不穩定造成起跳時垂直于橫桿的起跳水平速度不穩定,因而實際過桿高度不穩定;5)騰空后背弓不夠造成最大過桿高度遠低于重心最大高度。
關鍵詞:男子跳高;張國偉;生物力學;技術分析
中圖分類號:G804.6;G823.1 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:1006-2076(2017)05-0061-06
Abstract:Through two cameras, we shoot the process of Chinese elite high-jump athlete Zhang Guo-wei trial jump of three different heights [2.10 m (for 4 trial jumps), 2.15 m (for 5 trial jumps), and 2.20 m (for 5 trial jumps)] in a training class, including the whole course of last step of run-up to take off and then over the bar, then compares the 14 kinematic parameters with the 25 trial jumps data of nine elite male American high-jump athletes. We found Zhang's features are: 1) The radian of his last two steps of run-up is smaller, close to straight line; 2) The center of gravity is relatively high when he did the run-up, so when he landed the last step, the center of gravity is higher too; 3) The take off point is too close to the bar, therefor the maximum over-bar height was far behind the bar; 4) The instability direction of his final step of run-up caused the instability of his vertical take-off speed, result in instability over-bar height; 5) Leap back arch being not small enough caused the maximum over-bar height much lower than the maximum height of the center of gravity.
Key words:men's high-jump; Zhang Guo-wei; biomechanics; technique analysis
男子跳高曾是我國的優勢田徑項目,自上世紀90年代初隨著朱建華等一批優秀跳高名將退役后,我國跳高運動一度出現停滯不前的局面。近年來伴隨著張國偉等一批新興運動員的崛起,我國的跳高運動出現了轉機。為了更好地發展跳高項目,必須深入研究我國優秀跳高運動員的跳高技術、跳高特點,并與世界頂尖級跳高運動員對比,找出我國優秀運動員跳高技術上存在的不足并分析產生差距的原因,從而進行針對性專項訓練,以盡快提高男子跳高水平。
1 研究對象及方法
1.1 研究對象 我國優秀跳高運動員,2016里約奧運會中國國家田徑隊成員張國偉,身高 1.95 米,體重 78 千克。比較對象:9 名美國優秀男子跳高運動員,平均身高 1.90±0.26 米,平均體重 78.8 ±10.22千克。……