于冬梅,劉海峰,陳克研,周 錦
沈陽軍區總醫院麻醉科,沈陽 110016
?
*通信作者
烏司他丁聯合丙氨酰谷氨酰胺對體外循環瓣膜置換術患者的肺保護作用
于冬梅,劉海峰,陳克研,周錦*
沈陽軍區總醫院麻醉科,沈陽 110016
[摘要]目的探討烏司他丁聯合丙氨酰谷氨酰胺對體外循環瓣膜置換術患者肺泡毛細血管膜屏障功能的影響。方法擬在體外循環(Cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)下行心臟瓣膜置換術患者40例,年齡40~60歲,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ級,采用隨機數字表法,將患者隨機分為烏司他丁組(U組)和烏司他丁聯合Ala-GLn組(UA組),每組20例。麻醉誘導后,UA組泵注丙氨酰谷氨酰胺0.4 g/(kg·d),U組泵注等量的復方氨基酸注射液,兩組持續輸注24 h,并均在轉流液內加入烏司他丁2萬U/kg。分別在麻醉后(T0)、CPB前(T1)、開放主動脈30 min(T2)、閉合胸骨(T3)及術后5 h(T4)、24 h(T5),經頸內靜脈采血3 mL,用于測定血漿TNF-α、IL-6和SP-A的含量;經動脈采血進行血氣分析;觀察術后機械通氣時間。結果與T0時比較,兩組患者在T2~T5時的血清TNF-α、IL-6含量均升高(P<0.05);UA組患者血漿TNF-α、IL-6含量低于U組(P<0.05)。與T0時比較,兩組患者在T2~T5時SP-A水平顯著升高(P<0.05),UA組患者血漿SP-A含量低于U組(P<0.05);與T0時比較,兩組患者在T2~T5時A-aDO2、RI值顯著升高(P<0.05),UA組患者A-aDO2、RI值低于U組(P<0.05);UA組術后機械通氣時間較U組縮短(P<0.05)。結論烏司他丁聯合丙氨酰谷氨酰胺能抑制體外循環瓣膜置換術患者的炎癥反應,保護肺泡毛細血管膜屏障功能,具有一定的肺保護作用。
[關鍵詞]烏司他丁;丙氨酰谷氨酰胺;瓣膜置換術;SP-A;肺保護
0引言
體外循環(Cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)是開胸心血管手術的一項必備技術,其不但需要血液與人工管道直接接觸,而且需要在不同程度的低溫條件下,以平流方式進行血液轉流,并不是一種生理過程。這些非生理因素會引發一系列炎性反應過程,最終導致TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8等炎性因子的釋放,這些炎性因子的激活不但能導致術后肺功能障礙,還嚴重影響了患者的預后[1-4]。通過合理使用抗炎藥物,可調節CPB期間炎性因子和促炎因子的釋放,抑制炎癥反應,有利于減輕體外循環相關性肺損傷和改善預后。
烏司他丁是一種廣譜的蛋白酶抑制劑,包括胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶、彈性蛋白酶和各種胰酶,并且能抑制炎性因子和促炎因子的釋放[5-7]。有研究表明,烏司他丁能減輕體外循環冠脈搭橋術患者圍術期炎癥反應,減少術后并發癥[8]。丙氨酰谷氨酰胺(Alanyl glutamine,Ala-Gln)既具有抗氧化作用,也能抑制CPB相關炎癥反應[9],但是烏司他丁聯合Ala-Gln應用于CPB下心臟手術的抗炎作用及對肺泡膜屏障功能和彌散功能的影響還未見報道。本研究擬通過觀察烏司他丁聯合Ala-Gln對CPB下心臟瓣膜置換術患者血清TNF-α、IL-6、肺表面活性蛋白A(Surfactant protein-A,SP-A)、肺泡-動脈血氧分壓差(Aveolar-arterial gradient of oxygen,A-aDO2)和呼吸指數(Respiratory index,RI)值的影響,來探討烏司他丁和Ala-Gln聯合應用對CPB引起的炎癥反應和肺泡毛細血管膜屏障功能的影響。
1資料與方法
1.1臨床資料本研究經本院醫學倫理委員會批準,并與患者及家屬簽署知情同意書。隨機選取我院行體外循環心臟瓣膜置換術患者40例,ASAⅡ~Ⅲ級,年齡40~60歲,體重50~81 kg,均為初次心臟手術,無風濕活動、呼吸系統疾病和近期非甾體類抗炎鎮痛藥服用史。隨機分為烏司他丁組(U組)和烏司他丁聯合Ala-Gln組(UA組),每組20例,兩組患者年齡、體重、CPB和手術時間等比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),具有可比性,見表1。
1.2方法所有患者均于麻醉前30 min肌肉注射嗎啡10 mg。入室后開放外周靜脈,在局麻下行橈動脈穿刺置管,持續監測心電圖(Electrocardiogram,ECG)、心率(Heart rate,HR)、脈搏血氧飽和度(Pulse oxygen saturation,SpO2)、體溫(Temperature,T)和有創動脈壓。靜脈注射依托咪酯0.2 mg/kg、舒芬太尼1 μg/kg、哌庫溴銨 0.1 mg/kg、咪達唑侖0.05 mg/kg全麻誘導,氣管內插管后連接麻醉機進行機械通氣,潮氣量8~10 mL/kg、吸呼比(I∶E)1∶2、呼吸頻率12次/min、吸入氧濃度60%、機械通氣期間維持呼氣末二氧化碳分壓(End-tidal CO2pressure,PETCO2)在30~40 mmHg之間。行右頸內靜脈穿刺置管,連續監測中心靜脈壓(Central venous pressure,CVP)。吸入七氟烷,靜脈持續泵注丙泊酚,間斷靜脈注射舒芬太尼和哌庫溴銨維持麻醉。在麻醉誘導后,UA組持續泵注Ala-Gln 0.4 g/(kg·d);U組以等量復方氨基酸注射液代替,輸注時間為24 h,兩組均在轉流液內加入烏司他丁2×104U/kg。體外循環期間泵流量控制在2.2~2.6 L/(min·m2),平均動脈壓(Mean arterial pressure,MAP)維持在50~80 mmHg。
1.3標本采集及檢測分別于麻醉后(T0)、開胸后CPB前(T1)、主動脈開放30 min(T2)、關胸(T3)、術后5 h(T4)、術后24 h(T5)靜脈采血3 mL,用酶聯免疫吸附(ELISA)方法測定SP-A、TNF-α、IL-6;動脈采血進行血氣分析,觀察肺泡氣-動脈血氧分壓差(Aveolar-arterial gradient of oxygen,A-aDO2)和呼吸指數(Respiratory index,RI)的變化;記錄機械通氣時間。

2結果
2.1一般資料兩組患者性別、年齡、體重、CPB時間和手術時間比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),見表1。

表1 兩組患者一般情況比較
2.2兩組患者圍術期炎性因子和血清SP-A比較兩組患者血清TNF-α、IL-6含量、SP-A值在T2~T5時均高于T0時(P<0.05),且UA組低于U組(P<0.05)。見表2。

表2 兩組患者血清TNF-α、IL-6、SP-A比較(ng/L)
注:*與T0時比較,P<0.05;#與U組比較,P<0.05
2.3兩組A-aDO2和RI值比較與組內T0時比較,兩組動脈血氣A-aDO2值在T2~T5時均升高,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);與U組比較,UA組動脈血氣A-aDO2值在T2~T5時均降低(P<0.05);與組內T0時比較,兩組RI值在T2~T5時均顯著升高(P<0.05),見表3。

表3 兩組患者動脈血氣A-aDO2、RI值的變化
注:*與T0時比較,P<0.05;#與U組比較,P<0.05
2.4兩組患者機械通氣時間比較U組機械通氣時間較UA組明顯延長(14.3±0.6 vs.10.1±1.1),兩組比較差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。
3討論
CPB相關肺功能障礙主要表現為肺換氣功能障礙,A-aDO2和RI是反映肺換氣功能、肺泡膜彌散功能和氧合功能的重要指標,A-aDO2、RI值越高,肺換氣和氧合功能越差。本研究結果表明,兩組體外循環開始后、關胸、術后5 h及24 h各時間點的A-aDO2、RI值高于同組T0時,但烏司他丁聯合Ala-Gln組上述時間點的A-aDO2、RI值低于烏司他丁組,而且術后的機械通氣時間顯著縮短。說明烏司他丁聯合Ala-Gln可改善體外循環患者術后的肺換氣和氧合功能。
SP-A是一種親水性肺表面活性物質相關蛋白,不僅能降低肺泡表面張力,提高肺泡的穩定性,還能促進損傷的肺泡上皮細胞和毛細血管內皮細胞修復,此外,還參與了免疫防御、控制炎癥反應和調節其他肺表面活性蛋白的釋放等[10]。當肺泡毛細血管屏障受損時,SP-A可外滲至血液中。因此,SP-A既是一種肺泡毛細血管屏障的保護性蛋白,也是一種評價肺泡毛細血管屏障損傷程度的標志物[11-13]。本研究結果表明,各組T2~T5時血清SP-A顯著高于T0時,但是UA組上述時間點的血清SP-A含量低于U組,說明烏司他丁聯合Ala-Gln能更好地保護肺泡毛細血管膜屏障的完整性。
眾所周知,CPB導致的全身炎癥反應是術后肺功能障礙的重要機制之一[14]。TNF-α是炎癥反應的始發和促發因子,在CPB肺損傷早期起著重要作用[15]。IL-6是由激活的T細胞、巨噬細胞和上皮細胞分泌,并可被TNF-α誘導。有研究表明,IL-6能進一步促進白細胞聚集,導致細胞腫脹和蛋白酶的釋放,進而破壞肺泡膜屏障并導致血漿和蛋白滲出,最終導致肺泡壁充血、水腫和低氧血癥[16-17]。本研究結果表明,各組在體外循環后T2~T5時血清TNF-α、IL-6含量均高于T0時,在體外循環期間最高,隨后在T3~T5時皆有所下降。血清SP-A含量、A-aDO2、RI值與血清TNF-α、IL-6含量的變化趨勢相一致,隨著TNF-α、IL-6含量增高而增加,隨其降低而下降,說明血清SP-A含量、A-aDO2、RI值與血清TNF-α、IL-6含量具有一定的相關性。UA組血清TNF-α、IL-6含量在T2~T5時顯著低于U組,說明烏司他丁聯合Ala-Gln能更好地抑制CPB導致的全身炎癥反應。
綜上所述,烏司他丁聯合Ala-Gln通過抑制TNF-α、IL-6的釋放,保護了肺泡毛細血管屏障的完整性,從而減少SP-A向血液外漏,因而改善了體外循環心臟瓣膜置換手術患者的肺換氣和氧合功能,從而具有更好的保護作用。
參考文獻:
[1]Yu Y,Gao M,Li H,et al.Pulmonary artery perfusion with anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha antibody reduces cardiopulmonary bypass-induced inflammatory lung injury in a rabbit model[J].PLoS One,2013,8:e83236.
[2]Engels M,Bilgic E,Pinto A,et al.A cardiopulmonary bypass with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest rat model for the investigation of the systemic inflammation response and induced organ damage[J].J Inflamm (Lond),2014,11:26-35.
[3]Miyaji K,Miyamoto T,Kohira S,et al.Miniaturized cardiopulmonary bypass system in neonates and small infants[J].Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg,2008,7:75-78.
[4]Vanlaere I,Libert C.Matrix metalloproteinases as drug targets in infections caused by gram-negative bacteria and in septic shock[J].Clin Microbiol Rev,2009,22:224-239.
[5]Umeadi C,Kandeel F,Al-Abdullah IH.Ulinastatin is a novel protease inhibitor and neutral protease activator[J].Transplant Proc,2008,40:387-389.
[6]Jiang L,Yang L,Zhang M,et al.Beneficial effects of ulinastatin on gut barrier function in sepsis[J].Indian J Med Res,2013,138:904-911.
[7]Hu CL,Xia JM,Cai J,et al.Ulinastatin attenuates oxidation,inflammation and neural apoptosis in the cerebral cortex of adult rats with ventricular fibrillation after cardiopulmonary resuscitation[J].Clinics (Sao Paulo),2013,68:1231-1238.
[8]He QL,Zhong F,Ye F,et al.Does intraoperative ulinastatin improve postoperative clinical outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery:a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J].Biomed Res Int,2014,2014:630835.
[9]尹波,李大宏,張磊,等.丙氨酰谷氨酰胺在體外循環下冠脈搭橋手術中對肺保護的研究[J].實用藥物與臨床,2013,16:579-581.
[10]Willems CH,Zimmermann LJ,Langen RM,et al.Surfactant protein A influences reepithelialization in an alveolocapillary model system[J].Lung,2012,190:661-669.
[11]Manuel J,Andez-real F,Shiratori M,et al.Circulating surfactant protein A (SP-A),a marker of lung injury,is associated with insulin resistance[J].Diabetes Care,2008,31:958-963.
[12]焦光宇,張曉曄,劉春利.激素對急性肺損傷大鼠BALF 及血清SP-A 的影響[J].中國醫科大學學報,2007,36:520-522.
[13]Manuel J,Andez-real F,Shiratori M,et al.Circulating surfactant protein A (SP-A),a marker of lung injury,is associated with insulin resistance[J].Diabetes Care,2008,31:958-963.
[14]Apostolakis E,Filos KS,Koletsis E,et al.Lung dysfunction following cardiopulmonary bypass[J].J Card Surg,2010,25:47-55.
[15]凡小慶,王瑞婷.細胞因子與體外循環肺損傷的研究進展[J].臨床肺科雜志,2014,19:892-894.
[16]Zhang R,Wang Z,Wang H,et al.Effective pulmonary artery perfusion mode during cardiopulmonary bypass[J].Heart Surg Forum,2011,14:E18-E21.
[17]Yewei X,Liya D,Jinghao Z,et al.Study of the mechanism of pulmonary protection strategy on pulmonary injury with deep hypothermia low flow[J].Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci,2013,17(7):879-885.
Effect of ulinastatin combined with alanyl glutamine on lung protection in patients undergoing valve replacement operation through cardiopulmonary bypass
YU Dong-mei,LIU Hai-feng,CHEN Ke-yan,ZHOU Jin*
(Department of Anesthesiology,General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region,Shenyang 110016,China)
[Abstract]ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of ulinastatin combined with alanyl glutamine on alveolar barrier function in patients undergoing valve replacement operation through cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB).MethodsForty ASA Ⅱ or Ⅲ patients aged 40~60 years undergoing valve replacement operation through cardiopulmonary bypass were randomly divided into 2 groups (20 cases in each group):ulinastatin group(group U) and ulinastatin combined with alanyl glutamine group(group UA).After anesthesia induction,alanyl glutamine 0.4 g/(kg·d)was infused in group UA,and the same volume of compound amino acid injection was given in group U,the drugs being infused for 24 h.Ulinastatin 20 000 U/kg was added to the priming solution in both groups.Three mL venous blood was taken for IL-6,TNF-α and SP-A detection accompanied by arterial blood gas analysis after anesthesia preoperatively (T0),before CPB (T1),at 30 min after aorta unclamping(T2),at the end of operation(T3),at 5 h (T4) and 24 h after operation (T5).The mechanical ventilation time was observed in ICU.ResultsCompared with T0,the levels of plasma TNF-α and IL-6 in both groups at T2~T5 increased (P<0.05),and there were significant differences between the two groups (P<0.05).Compared with T0,the SP-A level in both groups at T2~T5increased (P<0.05),and there was significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05).Compared with T0,the A-aDO2 and RI values in both groups increased at T2~T5(P<0.05),and there were significant differences between the two groups (P<0.05).The time of mechanical ventilation in group UA was significantly shorter than that of group U (P<0.05).ConclusionUlinastatin combined with alanyl glutamine can decrease the inflammatory response,protect alveolar barrier function,and thus protecting the lung from injury.
Key words:Ulinastatin;Alanyl glutamine;Valve replacement;SP-A;Lung protection
收稿日期:2015-08-06
DOI:10.14053/j.cnki.ppcr.201604010