王鋒
高考對非謂語動詞的考查主要體現在語篇型語法填空和短文改錯中,側重考查同學們是否掌握了非謂語動詞的基本用法、句法功能和不同的形式表達的含義等。本文旨在分析閱卷中發現的同學們常見的非謂語動詞的易錯點,以期對同學們的復習有所幫助。
[非謂語動詞作主語(動名詞與不定式混淆)]
例1 ______ (understand) your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affections and emotions.
解析 Understanding。設空處應為句子的主語,邏輯主語與understand之間為主動關系,故用動名詞作主語。
例2 It took years of work 65 (reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water.
解析 to reduce。it takes/took ... to do something. “做某事花費……”是固定句式。句中的it是形式主語,動詞不定式是真正的主語,故填to reduce。
錯因分析 對例1同學們可能由于句子主語較長而不知此處應該用動名詞作主語,或者沒注意到as ... as后的learning而錯填to understand;例2易錯在未能看到it作形式主語。
[非謂語動詞作賓語(動名詞與不定式混淆)]
例3 My ambassadorial duties will include 67, (introduce) British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.
解析 introducing。考查動名詞作賓語。動詞include缺少賓語,應用所給詞的動名詞形式作賓語。
例4 We can chose (choose) between staying at home and take a trip.
解析 take→taking。因為and連接兩個并列成分,且介詞后接動名詞形式作賓語,所以take改為taking。
例5 Was she worried about how I would react or that I would stop _____ (buy) the groceries if I found out?
解析 buying。考查動名詞作動詞stop的賓語。stop doing something意為:停止做某事,故用buying。
例6 (2016·浙江卷) I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now do _____ (work) with students.
解析 working。句中的do指代前面的have fun,have fun doing something“做某事很開心”,固定搭配,故填working。
錯因分析 例3空前是接動名詞作賓語的動詞;例4同學們易錯在沒有識別介詞between;例5同學們易混淆不定式和動名詞作賓語的意義區別;例6同學們可能不知道do指代have fun而填上to work。
[非謂語動詞作表語(兩種分詞混淆)]
例7 Mom was grateful and moving.
解析 moving→moved。這個句子的意思是“母親既感激又感動”。moved修飾人,moving修飾物,根據主語Mom是指人的名詞,這里應該用moved作表語。
例8 It was both excited and frightening to be up there!
解析 excited→exciting。根據語境和主語為it可知,此處表示“令人激動的”,根據并列連詞可知此處應用現在分詞而不用過去介詞。
例9 Do you find yourself getting impatient or (38) _____ (annoy) with people over unimportant things?
解析 annoyed。考查過去分詞作表語。根據語境和并列連詞or可知,此處為get annoyed,修飾人。
錯因分析 例7、8同學們可能不能識別錯誤所在而不能正確改正;例9同學們可能因為對動詞的現在分詞、過去分詞的用法和意義理解不清而出錯。
點撥 現在分詞作表語,意為“令人……的”,多指被修飾的對象給人的感覺; 過去分詞作表語,意為“感到……的”,多修飾人,指被修飾的本身的感覺。某些特定的詞如hope, goal, dream, plan等作主語時,通常用不定式作表語說明主語的內容。
[非謂語動詞作定語(分詞與不定式混淆)]
例10 I was the first Western TV reporter 66, (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
解析 permitted。此處考查過去分詞作reporter的后置定語。permit與reporter存在邏輯上的被動關系,故用過去分詞形式。
例11 For 25 days, she never left her baby, not even to find something 64 (eat)!
解析 to eat。此處考查動詞不定式作something 的后置定語。
錯因分析 例10同學們易根據the first to do sth.而填to be permitted;例11可能根據something和eat之間的被動關系而填to be eaten。
[非謂語動詞作狀語(分詞與不定式混淆)]
例12 Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal 43 (create) special designs.
解析 to create。考查動詞不定式作狀語。句中已有謂語動詞combine,設空處不定式在句中作目的狀語。
例13 ________ (order) over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now.
解析 Ordered。過去分詞作狀語,order與邏輯主語the books之間為被動關系,且動作已經完成,故用過去分詞。
例14 _______ (wonder) how my mum could consume them so quickly, I began observing her daily routine for two weeks.
解析 Wondering。考查現在分詞作狀語。wonder與主語I是邏輯上的主動關系,故答案為wondering。
例15 Newly-built wooden cottages line the street, _____ (turn) the old town into a dreamland.
解析 turning。設空處在句中作結果狀語,其邏輯主語應是逗號前的整句話,兩者之間是主動關系,故用現在分詞。
錯因分析 例13同學們可能因分不清句子成分而誤填create的謂語動詞形式;例14,15同學們可能誤填不定式作目的狀語;例17同學們易誤填不定式或turn的謂語動詞形式。
[非謂語動詞作補足語(分詞與不定式混淆)]
例16 Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it ______ (perform) live is quite another.
解析 being performed。考查非謂語動詞作賓語補足語。賓語it與perform之間在邏輯上是被動關系,故填現在分詞的被動進行式。
例17 Let those in need ______ (understand) that we will go all out to help them.
解析 understand。考查非謂語動詞作賓語補足語。賓語those與understand在邏輯上是主動關系,且let后跟省略to的不定式作賓語補足語。
例18 It was mainly for this reason that Brazilian government decided to have a new city ________(build) 600 miles north-west of Riode Janeiro.
解析 built。設空處考查非謂語作賓語補足語。句中賓語a city與build之間為邏輯上的被動關系,故用過去分詞作賓補,構成have something done結構,意為“使某事被做”。
錯因分析 例16同學們易理解為邏輯上的被動關系而填performed;例17同學們可能因為不記得let后接省略to的不定式而錯填to understand;例18同學們可能因為混淆“have+賓語+doing”與“have+賓語+done”而填building。