[摘 要] 目的:系統評價代謝綜合征與肝膽惡性腫瘤相關性。方法:檢索中國學術期刊網絡出版總庫和中國生物醫學文獻數據庫(CBM)、Pubmed、EMbase,收集有關代謝綜合征與肝癌、膽囊癌、膽管癌關系的文獻,檢索時限均為從建庫至2015年6月。由2名研究者根據納入和排除標準獨立篩選文獻,提取資料,并在評價納入文獻方法學質量后,用Stata 11.0軟件進行Meta分析。結果:納入8篇文獻(5篇隊列研究和3篇病例對照研究)Meta分析結果顯示:代謝綜合征患者的肝膽惡性腫瘤發生率高[RR=1.71,95%CI(1.42-2.06),P=0.000];分層分析發現,男性人群中,代謝綜合征肝膽惡性腫瘤發生率高于對照組[RR=1.55,95%CI:(1.21,1.99),P=0.001],女性人群中,其合并效應量為[RR=1.48,95%CI(0.73,3.01),P=0.282),差異無統計學意義。結論:代謝綜合征是肝膽惡性腫瘤發生的危險因素之一,且存在性別差異。
[關鍵詞] 代謝綜合征;肝癌;膽囊癌;膽管癌;Meta分析
中圖分類號:R735 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:2095-5200(2016)02-001-04
[Abstract] Objective:To evaluate the correlation between metabolic syndrome and hepatobiliary malignancy. Methods:Chinese Academic Journal Web Publishing Pool, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), PubMed and EMbase were searched, literature about the relationship between metabolic syndrome and liver cancer, gallbladder, and bile duct carcinoma were collected, and the retrieval time were all from building the database to June 2015. According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, 2 researchers screened the literatures independently, extracted data and evaluated methodological quality of the included studies, and used software of Stata 11.0 for Meta-analysis. Results:Eight documents were included (five cohort studies and 3 case-control studies), and the results of meta analysis showed that: Metabolic syndrome in patients with high incidence of liver cancer and gallbladder carcinoma [RR=1.71,95% CI (1.42-2.06), P=0.000]; stratified analysis found that, the incidence of liver cancer and gallbladder carcinoma of metabolic syndrome was higher than that of control group in the male[RR=1.55, 95% CI:(1.21,1.99),P=0.001], and that in the female was combined effect amount [RR=1.48,95% CI(0.73,3.01),P=0.282), and the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions:The metabolic syndrome is one of the risk factors for liver and gallbladder malignancy, and there were gender differences.
[Key words] metabolic syndrome;liver cancer;gallbladder carcinoma;cholangiocarcinoma;meta
analysis
代謝綜合征(Metabolic Syndrome,MS)是包括肥胖、糖耐量受損、血脂異常、高血壓等一組高危因素的集合[1],是導致糖尿病、心腦血管疾病的危險因素[2]。近年來,國內外研究報道[3-6],MS與乳腺癌、前列腺癌、結直腸癌、胰腺癌、肝膽惡性腫瘤等惡性腫瘤發生相關。本研究將2015年6月之前中、英文文獻中進行MS與肝癌、膽囊癌、膽管癌發病關系的對照研究及隊列研究進行薈萃分析,為肝膽惡性腫瘤防控提供依據。
1 資料與方法
1.1 納入與排除標準
1)研究類型:病例對照研究及隊列研究。2)研究對象:MS診斷標準符合公認標準;隊列研究的研究人群必須是自然人群;病例對照研究病例組為肝膽惡性腫瘤患者,對照組為正常人群。3)暴露因素:MS。4)結局指標:研究人群隨訪期間肝膽惡性腫瘤的發生情況。
排除標準動物研究、綜述、信息數據不全的文獻、未設置對照組的文獻。
1.2 檢索策略
以MSAND(肝癌OR膽管癌OR膽囊癌)檢索中國學術期刊網絡出版總庫和中國生物醫學文獻數據庫(CBM),以(metabolic abnormalities OR metabolic syndrome)AND(cholangiocarcinoma OR hepatocellular carcinoma OR gallbladder carcinoma OR biliary tract cancer OR liver cancer)檢索Pubmed、EMbase。所有檢索策略通過預檢索后確定,檢索時間均為從建庫至2015年6月,文獻語種限定為中文和英文。
1.3 文獻篩選和資料提取
由2名研究者對納入資料獨立進行資料提取和質量評價,然后交叉核對,如果遇到分歧則討論解決或尋求第3人幫助。資料提取包括研究者姓名,研究發表年限,研究類型,病例特點,診斷,RR值或者OR值及95%CI。病例對照研究中的OR值用RR值表示[7]。
1.4 統計分析
采用Stata11.0軟件進行Meta分析,計數資料采用相對危險度(RR)或比值比(OR),效應量采用95%CI表示。進行異質性檢驗,若α≥0.10,I2<50%采用固定效應模型,若α<0.10,I2≥50%時選擇隨機效應模型,通過敏感性分析及亞組分析探討異質性來源。Egger's檢驗、Begg's檢驗納入文獻是否存在發表偏倚。
2 結果
2.1 文獻檢索結果及納入研究的基本特征
初檢出相關文獻1119篇,經閱讀文題和摘要,排除重復、非臨床研究及無對照組研究,初篩獲得49篇文獻,進一步閱讀全文,最終納入8篇研究[8-15](包括5篇隊列研究[8,12-15]及3篇病例對照研究[9-11],其中Russo[8]對肝癌、膽囊癌與MS的關系進行了逐一描述,elzel[11]分肝細胞癌和膽管細胞癌分別對肝癌進行了描述。文獻篩選流程及結果見圖1。
2.2 納入研究的基本特征及方法學質量評價
各納入研究的基本特征見表 1,采用Newcastle-Ottawa Scale(NOS)標準[16]對納入文獻進行質量評價。總分大于或等于5分者,認為質量可靠。有3篇[9,10,13]評分在6分,5篇[8,11,12,14,15]7分。
2.3 Meta分析結果
2.3.1 MS與肝膽惡性腫瘤關系 納入的8篇文獻存在統計學異質性(I2 =78.7%,P=0.000),故采用隨機效應模型。Meta分析結果顯示(圖2)MS是肝膽惡性腫瘤發生的危險因素[(RR=1.71,95%CI(1.42,2.06),P=0.000]。
2.3.2 性別、地域與肝膽惡性腫瘤發病風險 根據研究人群特點,進行分層分析,結果見表2。按性別分組,亞組分析結果顯示:男性人群肝膽惡性腫瘤發病風險RR=1.55,女性發病風險RR=1.48。按地域分組分析結果顯示:歐美人群RR=1.65,亞洲人群RR=1.92。
2.4 敏感性分析
將納入的8篇文獻,按性別、地域的不同,分亞組進行分析后,各亞組內異質性仍明顯(見表2)。故采用逐一排除方法進行敏感性分析,結果發現剔除Welzel[11]的研究后行Meta分析提示 [RR=1.45,95%CI(1.33,1.67)P=0.000],與剔除前結果相似。異質性檢驗提示異質性明顯下降(I2=49.5,P=0.07),上述結果表明本研究分析結果較為穩定可靠。
2.5 發表偏倚分析
用Stata軟件漏斗圖對稱性檢驗對納入文獻進行發表偏倚評價,結果顯示:Begg's test z=0.62,P=0.537(continuity coRRected),Egger's test t=-0.77,P=0.461。納入文獻不存在明顯的發表偏倚。
3 討論
MS聚集了多種心血管疾病的危險因素[17-19],流行病學調查顯示[20],在美國成人中MS發病率高達25%,在中國發病率約為14%。MS發病基礎是胰島素抵抗,代謝異常可能導致一系列細胞因子變化,促使腫瘤細胞形成及發展。
本研究結果亦顯示:MS為發生肝膽惡性腫瘤危險因素。肝膽惡性腫瘤的發生是一個多步驟復雜過程。中國是乙肝流行大國,肝炎病毒感染、肝硬化是肝癌發病的危險因素,但是很多患者并無感染史、飲酒史,卻有MS的典型癥狀非酒精性脂肪肝。MS促進肝膽惡性腫瘤的機制可能與以下幾個方面有關:1)胰島素抵抗和高胰島素血癥:有研究指出胰島素抵抗和高胰島素血癥是肝膽惡性腫瘤發生的重要因素。胰島素和胰島素生長因子-1(IGF-1)可以激活胰島素受體、IGF-1受體,誘發腫瘤細胞增殖和抑制細胞凋亡[21]。2)低脂聯素血癥:脂聯素主要由脂肪組織分泌,具有增強胰島素敏感性、抗炎癥、抗動脈粥樣硬化等多種作用,脂聯素可通過多條信號通路抑制腫瘤細胞生長增殖、誘導癌細胞凋亡。研究證實[22]脂聯素可以抑制肝癌細胞的增殖。3)膽囊腫瘤發生同膽結石密切相關:文獻報道MS中肥胖、糖耐量受損、高脂血癥等均為膽結石形成的危險因素[23-25]。故MS可能通過促進膽結石的形成,對肝膽惡性腫瘤的發生產生影響。4)炎癥因子的異常調節:MS患者IL-6、TNF-α、瘦素蛋白等調節異常[26],實驗證明,上述炎癥介質可以作用于肝、膽細胞導致腫瘤發生[27]。
本研究發現男性與女性,歐美人群與亞洲人群MS者肝膽惡性腫瘤的發生率存在差異,但進一步研究需更多高質量的文獻支持。
控制MS有預防和控制肝膽惡性腫瘤作用,進一步明確機制,尋找有效靶點有助于降低MS的風險。
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