堅守與變革

文/五花肉

堅守與變革

Perseverance and Change

文/五花肉

網(wǎng)球，與高爾夫球、保齡球、桌球并稱為世界四大紳士運(yùn)動。自網(wǎng)球誕生至今，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的堅守和變革，在保留其古典內(nèi)涵和與時代發(fā)展結(jié)合方面，都起到了非常巨大的作用。

Tennis, golf, bowling and billiards are known as four major "Gentlemen's Sport" in the world. Through the development of tennis, the solid standard and its change are the motive power of keeping its classical connotation and promoting its development.

最高準(zhǔn)則是尊重

Basic Norm is Respect

在網(wǎng)球運(yùn)動中，尊重是最高準(zhǔn)則?！白鹬鼐W(wǎng)球場上的一切人與物”，是打網(wǎng)球者的行為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，包括尊重對手、觀眾、球網(wǎng)、球拍等等。這是網(wǎng)球運(yùn)動內(nèi)涵的體現(xiàn)，也是網(wǎng)球運(yùn)動一直堅守的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一。

In the tennis match, respect is the first-priority. "Respect everyone and everything on the court" means respecting rivals, audience, net, and rackets, which is the tennis player's standard of conduct. Tennis always sticks to standard, which reflects its connotation.

據(jù)查，網(wǎng)球運(yùn)動起源于12至13世紀(jì)的法國，最早是傳教士在教堂回廊里用手掌擊球的一種游戲，后來作為皇室貴族男女的消遣傳入法國宮廷，形成古典式網(wǎng)球。

Historians believe that tennis's can be traced back between 12th and 13th century in France, where missionaries played a game that a ball was struck withthe palm of the hand in the cloisters. Then the game spread into French royal palaces and played by regal aristocrats as a pastime, which formed the classical tennis.

14世紀(jì)中葉，法國王儲將這一盛行于法國宮廷的古典式網(wǎng)球運(yùn)動所使用的球，作為禮物贈送給英王亨利五世，古典式網(wǎng)球由此傳入英國，成為貴族運(yùn)動。網(wǎng)球運(yùn)動的紳士內(nèi)涵，便由此延續(xù)至今。

In the middle of 14th century, the French prince gave Henry V a ball of the prevailing classical tennis played in French royal palaces. Classical tennis started to spread into the UK and became a noble sport. Since then the gentility of this sport has been passed down through the generations.

古老的制球標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

Classical Ball-making Standard

網(wǎng)球外觀較為特別——橡膠內(nèi)囊被一層柔軟絨面紡織品包裹，這個古老的制球工藝從網(wǎng)球誕生初期就開始使用，并一直沿用至今。

The appearance of tennis ball is very special. It is made of hollow vulcanized rubber with a felt coating. This ancient ball-making crafting was used when it came into being, and is still used today.

網(wǎng)球運(yùn)動剛傳入英國時，球的表皮是用埃及坦尼斯鎮(zhèn)所產(chǎn)的斜紋法蘭絨制作的，英國人便將這種球及游戲稱為Tennis，網(wǎng)球英文名稱由此誕生。直到現(xiàn)在，網(wǎng)球的制作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中，柔軟的絨面仍被保留。

When tennis was introduced to UK, the coating was made with twill flannel produced in Tennis Town of Egypt. Therefore, British people named this ball and game as Tennis, which signifies the English name of tennis was born. It is important to note that the soft fabric surface is kept in the ball-making standard until now.

宮廷式計分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

Tennis Scoring System

1876年，全英統(tǒng)一的網(wǎng)球規(guī)則和場地標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出臺，這是世界范圍內(nèi)第一部網(wǎng)球比賽標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，也是現(xiàn)代網(wǎng)球運(yùn)動開始的起點。在這部規(guī)則中，計分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)比較奇特。

The UK's unified tennis rule and court standard published in 1876, which is the first standard about tennis in the world as well as the beginning of the modern tennis. The part of scoring is very special in this rule.

由于網(wǎng)球運(yùn)動起源于宮廷之中，計分手段就地取材，用撥動時鐘來計分，每得一次分就將時鐘轉(zhuǎn)動四分之一，也就是15分，兩次得分再轉(zhuǎn)動四分之一，為30分。

Because tennis comes from the royal palace, clock faces were used to score the game. A quarter move of the hand indicates a score of 15, by such analogy, two quarters move of the hand indicates a score of 30.

至于40分，跟音節(jié)有很大關(guān)聯(lián)。在英文中，15分“fifteen”為雙音節(jié)，30分“thirty”也是雙音節(jié)，但45分“forty-five”是三個音節(jié)。所以英國人在制定第一部網(wǎng)球標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時，為了不改變裁判的計分節(jié)奏，就把它改成同為雙音節(jié)的40分（forty），并沿用至今。

The origin of a score of 40 is related with syllable. In English, fifteen and thirty are disyllable, but fortyfive consists of three syllables. Therefore, when British people set the first tennis standard, in order not to disrupt the referee's tempo of scoring, they changed it into the disyllable forty, which is still used today.

場地標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的變革

Change of Court Standard

如今，四大網(wǎng)球公開賽（又稱大滿貫）風(fēng)靡全球，擁有草地（溫網(wǎng)）、紅土（法網(wǎng)）、硬地（美網(wǎng)、澳網(wǎng)）三種場地標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。為什么在一種運(yùn)動中，會有三種不同的場地標(biāo)準(zhǔn)呢？

Nowadays, four major professional tennis tournaments, also known as "Grand Slams", have swept the world. There are three different court standards, which are grass court (Wimbledon Open), red clay court (French Open), and hard court (US Open and Australian Open). Why three different court standards exist in one sport?

現(xiàn)代網(wǎng)球誕生于英國宮廷，貴族們用的場地為草地。后來，網(wǎng)球運(yùn)動傳播到世界各地，參加運(yùn)動的人由貴族擴(kuò)展到普通群眾。但由于草場的維護(hù)費(fèi)用較高，人們便開始在其他場地條件下進(jìn)行比賽，并逐步衍生出三種場地標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

Modern tennis originated in British Royalty where aristocrats used grass as the tennis court. Later, tennis spread around the world, the participants expanded from the aristocrat to ordinary people. Due to high maintenance fee, people seek to play the game in other court conditions, and gradually derived three different court standards.

場地標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的變革，使網(wǎng)球運(yùn)動適應(yīng)了外部需求，從而推動網(wǎng)球運(yùn)動快速發(fā)展。試想一下，如果死守草地標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，網(wǎng)球就會損失大批平民愛好者，成為小眾人群的游戲，或?qū)⒙觥?/p>

The development of court standards help tennis adapt to the external requirements better, thus serve to promote its development rapidly. Just Imagine, if clinging to the grass court standard, tennis will lose lots of ordinary fans, and become the extremely poor popular entertainment or gradually die out over time.

結(jié) 語

Conclusion

國際網(wǎng)聯(lián)（International Tennis Federation, ITF）自1913年在法國巴黎成立開始，最重要的一項任務(wù)就是制定、修改和實施網(wǎng)球的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)則。很顯然，人們已經(jīng)意識到，一項運(yùn)動生命力的長短，不僅取決于內(nèi)涵，還取決于它是否改變自身，融合社會發(fā)展趨勢。而標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，正是實現(xiàn)這一切的技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。

International Tennis Federation (ITF) was founded in Paris, France in 1913. Its main task is to develop, revise and enforce standards and rules. Obviously, people have already realized that the vitality of a sport does not only depend on humane connotation, but also whether it can develop itself and involved into human society. Standard is the technical foundation which can help us achieve it.

（支持單位：上海市質(zhì)量和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化研究院）