彭士明,李云莉,2,施兆鴻,高權新,張晨捷,王建鋼
(1.中國水產科學研究院東海水產研究所,上海 200090;2.上海海洋大學水產與生命學院,上海 201306)
海水魚類親體必需脂肪酸營養的研究進展
彭士明1,李云莉1,2,施兆鴻1,高權新1,張晨捷1,王建鋼1
(1.中國水產科學研究院東海水產研究所,上海 200090;2.上海海洋大學水產與生命學院,上海 201306)
脂肪酸營養特別是其中的必需脂肪酸在海水魚類生殖調控方面具有重要的生理作用。飼料中二十碳五烯酸(EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)以及花生四烯酸(ARA)含量在調控海水魚類性腺發育、排卵、孵化率及仔魚質量等方面作用顯著。本文主要從必需脂肪酸需求量、對繁殖性能影響、對機體脂肪酸存儲影響及對內分泌調控作用4個方面歸納總結了海水魚類親體脂肪酸營養的研究概況,并重點分析探討了在內分泌調控方面的研究進展,同時對后續的研究重點提出了一些建議。
必需脂肪酸;海水魚類;親體;研究進展;展望
脂肪酸營養在海水魚類生殖調控方面具有重要的生理作用,目前,脂肪酸營養已成為魚類生殖營養學研究中的熱點內容之一[1-2]。研究證實,多不飽和脂肪酸(PUFA)特別是長鏈多不飽和脂肪酸(LC-PUFA)對海水魚類的正常繁殖、生長及發育均起著非常重要的作用,是其生命過程中不可缺少的營養因子[3-4]。已有的針對海水魚類必需脂肪酸的研究報道主要集中在二十碳五烯酸(EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)以及花生四烯酸(ARA)這3種脂肪酸,研究重點主要是分析探討這3種必需脂肪酸在調控海水魚類性腺發育、排卵、孵化率及仔魚質量等方面所起的具體生理作用[5-6]。截至目前,已有相關研究報道所涉及的海水魚類主要包括狼鱸(Dicentrarchus labrax)[7]、真鯛(Sparus aurata)[8]、花尾胡椒鯛(Plectorhynchus cinctus)[9-10]、大西洋庸鰈(Hippoglossus hippoglossus)[11]、黃鰭鯛(Acanthopagrus latus)[12]、塞內加爾鰨(Solea senegalensis)[13]、軍曹魚(Rachycentron canadum)[14]以及牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)[15]等。綜合分析已有的研究報道,有關海水魚類親體脂肪酸營養的研究主要涵蓋必需脂肪酸需求量、對繁殖性能影響、對機體脂肪酸存儲影響及對內分泌調控作用4個方面。本文主要從以上4個方面歸納總結了海水魚類親體脂肪酸營養的研究概況,并重點分析探討了在內分泌調控方面的研究進展,同時對后續的研究重點提出了一些建議。
魚類在不同發育階段對營養素的需求會有所不同,在性腺發育成熟過程中,由于需要積累大量的營養素以保障所產生的配子質量,因此,魚類在親體階段對營養素(特別是脂類營養)的需求量較幼體階段要高一些。FERNANDEZPALACIOS等[8]以產卵量、正常卵子所占比例以及仔魚成活率為指標所得出的真鯛親體n-3 LCPUFA需求量為1.6%。在對牙鲆的研究中發現,飼料中n-3 LC-PUFA含量達到1.5%~2.0%即可滿足其性腺發育所需[15]。上述兩種魚類親體對n-3 LC-PUFA的需求量大致相似,然而,在對花尾胡椒鯛的研究中發現,其對飼料中n-3 LCPUFA的最適需求量為2.40%~3.70%[10]。ZAKERI等[12]通過利用魚油、魚油與葵花籽油等比例混合油、葵花籽油3種脂肪源研究分析飼料中不同n-3 LC-PUFA含量(依次為6.67%、4.26%和2.92%)對黃鰭鯛產卵繁殖的影響,研究得出,以魚油為單獨脂肪源,即n-3 LC-PUFA含量為6.67%時所得到的卵子與初孵仔魚質量最佳。由此可以看出,不同魚種間親體對n-3 LCPUFA的需求量存在較大差異。此外,已有的研究還指出,飼料中n-3 LC-PUFA含量并非越高越好,過高或者過低的n-3 LC-PUFA含量均會影響海水魚類的正常繁殖,降低其繁殖性能。LI等[10]的研究報道中指出,飼料中n-3 LC-PUFA含量高于5.85%或低于1.12%均會顯著降低花尾胡椒鯛的產卵量、卵子及仔魚質量。同樣,在牙鲆的研究中也得出,飼料中過高的n-3 LC-PUFA含量會顯著降低其卵子質量,導致其繁殖性能降低[16]。除了針對n-3 LC-PUFA需求量的研究之外,有關海水魚類n-6系列必需脂肪酸(主要是花生四烯酸)需求量的研究也有諸多報道,但主要集中在對仔魚和幼魚階段的營養需求,針對親體的ARA營養需求研究并不多,僅見如:FURUITA等[17]在對牙鲆親體的研究中發現,飼料中0.6%的ARA可有效提高其繁殖性能,但過高的ARA含量(1.2%)卻會顯著降低其卵子及仔魚的質量。在對塞內加爾鰨親體的研究中發現,在不同季度內飼料中ARA的適宜含量是有一定變化的,夏季與初秋季節飼料中ARA的適宜含量需控制在占總脂肪酸比例的3.9%,而冬季控制在2.2%即可,全年內飼料中ARA的平均適宜含量為占總脂肪酸比例的3.0%[18]。NGUYEN等[14]在對軍曹魚親體適宜必需脂肪酸需求量的研究中得出,其飼料中n-3 LC-PUFA含量應不低于1.86%,同時還指出,飼料中ARA的含量建議控制在0.15%~0.24%(干物質比),過高的飼料ARA含量(0.42%~0.60%)同樣對其受精卵質量具有負面影響。由上述可知,不同海水魚類親體在其性腺發育成熟過程中對必需脂肪酸(包含n-3和n-6 LC-PUFA)的需求量不盡相同,同時,過量的必需脂肪酸也對親體的正常繁殖具有負面影響。
有關脂肪酸營養(特別是必需脂肪酸)與海水魚類繁殖性能間關系的研究一直是近些年來水產動物營養與飼料學研究的重點內容之一。目前已有的關于必需脂肪酸影響海水魚類親體繁殖性能的研究報道主要集中在對繁殖力、精卵質量、受精率、孵化率及仔魚質量等幾個方面[6]。FURUITA等[15]在對牙鲆的研究中發現,隨著飼料中LC-PUFA含量的增加,牙鲆的繁殖性能明顯得到改善,仔魚畸形率顯著降低,3日齡仔魚成活率顯著升高。MAZORRA等[11]在對大西洋庸鰈的研究報道中也指出,飼料中的脂類,特別是LCPUFA與卵子質量、產卵力以及受精成功率關系極為密切。同樣,在日本鰻鱺(Anguillajaponica)[19]、真鯛[8]、花尾胡椒鯛[10]、塞內加爾鰨[18]、黃鰭鯛[12]以及軍曹魚[14]等的報道中也得到了相似的研究結果。SORBERA等[20]在對狼鱸研究中發現,必需脂肪酸在狼鱸生殖系統發育過程中起著至關重要的作用,離體實驗結果表明,必需脂肪酸可刺激卵母細胞發育成熟,并可加強促性腺激素誘導卵母細胞發育成熟的生理效應。已有的研究證實,DHA是魚類性腺及仔魚機體內磷酸甘油酯特別是磷脂酰乙醇胺和磷脂酰膽堿的重要組成部分,因此,組織中DHA含量的多少直接影響到魚類的繁殖性能[6];EPA也是一種影響魚類繁殖力的重要脂肪酸,在魚類代謝過程中起著至關重要的作用,主要體現在其在維持細胞膜的完整性方面具有重要的調控作用,同時,EPA也作為一些環氧合酶的底物,以及一些前列腺素類化合物的前體物[6];ARA是魚類性腺組織分泌產生類二十烷酸主要前體物,因此,機體ARA的含量同樣直接影響魚類的繁殖性能[5]。此外,單斑重牙鯛(Diplodus sargus)在性成熟過程中其性腺組織中會積累較高含量的LC-PUFA[21],這從另一層面印證了LC-PUFA在海水魚類生殖繁育過程中起著至關重要的生理作用。由此可以推測,飼料中LC-PUFA含量可顯著影響卵子發育質量及仔魚成活率的原因之一可能是通過改變卵及仔魚的營養組成,特別是其中必需脂肪酸的組成。當然,必需脂肪酸營養對海水魚類繁殖性能的調控機理是非常復雜的,改變必需脂肪酸的營養組成僅僅是其中的一種調控方式。
已有的研究表明,機體脂肪酸組成與飼料中的脂肪酸組成密切相關[12-14]。NGUYEN等[14]利用必需脂肪酸含量不同的4組飼料喂養軍曹魚親體,結果發現,不同飼料組間所得卵中的脂肪酸組成存在明顯差異,且其中各種脂肪酸含量的變化與飼料中的脂肪酸組成基本一致。同樣,在對黃鰭鯛的研究中也發現,其卵、初孵仔魚以及3日齡仔魚的n-3 LC-PUFA含量均隨著飼料中n-3 LC-PUFA含量的增加而增加[12]。NORAMBUENA等[13]研究分析了ARA含量不同的6組飼料對塞內加爾鰨親體組織中脂肪酸組成的影響,結果表明,精巢、卵巢、肌肉及肝臟組織中的脂肪酸組成均與對應的實驗飼料中的脂肪酸組成一致,各組織中ARA的含量均隨著飼料中ARA含量的增加而增加。盡管機體中很多必需脂肪酸的積累量均會隨著飼料中相應含量的升高而升高,但某些特定的脂肪酸則更大程度上選擇性的存儲于機體組織中。WASSEF等[22]在對真鯛的研究中發現,各試驗組性腺組織中DHA含量均高于對應的實驗飼料中的DHA含量,但是EPA和ARA的含量則無類似的情況,該研究結果表明了DHA更大程度上選擇性的保留在真鯛性腺組織中,揭示DHA作為一種必需脂肪酸其在真鯛性腺發育成熟過程中潛在的生理作用要明顯大于EPA和ARA。在對狼鱸的研究報道中也得到了相似的研究結果[23]。然而,由于不同魚種對DHA、EPA和ARA的需求量存在差異,因此,這種現象是否在海水魚類中普遍存在,還需要更進一步的研究分析。
魚類性腺的發育、分化與成熟受到生殖內分泌因子(性激素及其受體等)和外源因子(環境因子、營養素等)的雙重影響[24]。外源因子和體內的生殖內分泌因子直接或間接作用于下丘腦-垂體-性腺軸,下丘腦分泌促性腺激素釋放激素(GnRH),使腦垂體分泌促性腺激素(GtH)并作用于性腺,促使性腺分泌性類固醇激素,性類固醇激素與相應受體結合,促進性腺發育成熟并排出卵子或精子[24-25]。發育中的卵泡分泌雌激素(主要為E2)是卵巢發育成熟過程中至關重要的一個環節[24]。E2通過血液運輸至肝臟并與肝細胞細胞質中的E2受體結合,從而發揮其生物學效應,誘導肝臟合成卵黃蛋白原(Vg)[26-27]。魚類的性腺發育是一個能量積累的過程,在性腺發育過程中,機體脂肪酸特別是其中的LC-PUFA通過代謝途徑從脂肪組織轉運至肝臟,進而促進肝臟中Vg的合成[28-29]。然而,肝臟中Vg的合成不僅需要足量的LC-PUFA,其合成與積累同時需要在性類固醇激素的誘導之下方能完成[26-27]。因此,LC-PUFA、機體性類固醇激素水平是影響魚類特別是海水魚類卵黃發生、卵巢成熟的兩個重要因素。已有研究表明,LC-PUFA與海水魚類機體性類固醇激素分泌水平之間也存在著某種程度的因果聯系,即飼料中適宜的LC-PUFA水平可顯著提高海水魚類機體中性類固醇激素的分泌水平,進而加速其精卵的發生、成熟[9-10]。然而,目前關于LC-PUFA是如何影響海水魚類性腺組織中性類固醇激素的分泌并未有詳盡的研究報道。在大西洋鮭(Salmo salar)的研究中發現,如果E2的分泌及其與受體的結合效應受阻,會導致成熟卵子絨毛膜發育畸形、繁殖力差以及較低的胚胎成活率[30]。因此,性類固醇激素在魚類性腺發育過程中具有至關重要的生理作用。在斜帶石斑魚(Epinephelus coioides)[31]、圓斑星鰈(Verasper variegates)[32]及條斑星鰈(Veraspermoseri)[33]的研究中發現性類固醇激素分泌的變化規律與卵泡發生、發育、成熟和排出的周期基本一致。李遠友等[9]對花尾胡椒鯛親魚的研究中發現,在性腺快速發育和成熟時期,飼料中n-3 HUFA不足或者過量均會導致血漿性類固醇激素雌二醇(E2)和睪酮(T)含量的降低,同時導致產卵量、受精率以及仔魚成活率顯著降低。同時,MERCURE等[34]的研究也指出,一定劑量的EPA和DHA可明顯抑制硬骨魚類離體卵泡類固醇的產生。由于長鏈脂肪酸特別是n-3 LC-PUFA是Vg和胚胎細胞生物膜的重要成分之一,而Vg的合成則需要E2的刺激。由此可以推斷,外源脂肪酸營養影響魚類性腺發育成熟的直接原因可能在于改變了魚體中性類固醇激素的分泌狀況,進而阻礙了性腺的發育成熟。然而截至目前,國內外關于脂肪酸營養對魚類性類固醇激素分泌的影響機理研究則鮮有報道。但綜合分析已有的研究報道發現,在性腺發育過程中,魚體內由下丘腦-垂體-性腺軸(HPG)所分泌的各種激素之間以及性類固醇激素E2和T之間均處于一種動態的平衡之中,相互之間亦存在正負反饋調節作用[24-25,35-37]。因此,探討必需脂肪酸影響性類固醇激素分泌的生理機制需要從HPG軸所分泌激素之間的動態平衡入手。
根據已有的資料分析,以下幾個因素在調控性類固醇激素分泌方面具有非常重要的生理作用。其一,垂體分泌GtH的情況。硬骨魚類存在兩種促性腺激素(GtHⅠ和GtHⅡ)。GtHⅠ主要是在魚類性腺發育的早期刺激性腺分泌E2和T等性類固醇激素,調節性腺的發育和配子的生成,而GtHⅡ主要是刺激性腺產生黃體酮,促使卵母細胞和精子的最后成熟并刺激排精和排卵[25,38]。因此,GtH對性類固醇激素的分泌具有重要的調控作用。在對許氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegeli)的研究中發現,在精子發生及卵黃發生時期血清中具有較高含量的GtHⅠ,同時較高含量的GtHⅠ可誘導卵巢分泌更多的E2;在排精、排卵時期血清中GtHⅡ含量占主導[39]。當然,GtH調控魚類性腺發育的生理機制也并非如此簡單,研究發現,雄性海鱸類魚從精子發生啟動直至成熟排放的整個過程中,GtHⅠ與GtHⅡ的表達量均同時增加,也就是說,GtHⅠ與GtHⅡ兩者可能都參與了海鱸類魚精子發生及排放整個過程的調控[40]。其二,魚體內性類固醇激素受體的表達情況。脊椎動物生殖內分泌研究發現,性類固醇激素功能的發揮必須與其相應的特異性受體結合[38],因而,激素受體的表達情況直接影響著相應激素所具有的生理效應。當前,大量的研究資料已證實,性類固醇激素及其與受體的相互作用是誘導調節硬骨魚類性腺發育、成熟及精卵排放的重要信號途徑[41]。在對半滑舌鰨(Cynoglossus semilaevis)的研究中發現,在生殖細胞的胞質、胞膜以及核膜中,性類固醇激素及其受體均有廣泛表達,并且在性腺發育不同時期其表達強度也有所不同,這進一步表明了性類固醇激素及其受體在性腺發育不同階段具有不同的生理功能,且兩者之間存在明顯的相互反饋調節作用[42]。這一點在對文昌魚(Branchiostomabelcheri)的研究中也得到了證實[43]。其三,性腺型芳香化酶(P450aromA)的表達情況。雌激素的生物合成需要許多酶的參與,而其中芳香化酶是催化雄激素向雌激素轉化的一個關鍵酶和限速酶[44]。綜合分析現有的資料認為,芳香化酶主要是通過調節體內雄激素與雌激素的比例來控制魚類的性別分化和發育方向[44-45]。利用非類固醇型芳香化酶抑制劑處理雌性赤點石斑魚(Epinephelus akaara),導致其性腺芳香化酶活性顯著降低,同時血清11-酮基睪酮濃度顯著升高,E2含量顯著降低[46]。也就是說,芳香化酶抑制劑主要是通過降低性腺型芳香化酶的活性來抑制內源性E2的產生并提高11-酮基睪酮水平,從而達到誘導赤點石斑魚由雌性轉變為雄性的目的。在對牙鲆的研究中也得到了相近的結論[45]。由此說明,生物體內芳香化酶的活性和分布能反映魚體內雌雄激素的生物合成狀況[44-46]。因此,芳香化酶細胞色素P450對調節魚類整個性類固醇激素的動態平衡具有重要意義。
綜合分析以上研究資料,針對不同種類的海水經濟養殖對象而言,為提高其繁殖性能,繼續深入開展親體培育階段適宜必需脂肪酸需求量的研究仍是目前營養與飼料行業的核心工作。然而,要想從機理上弄清必需脂肪酸影響海水魚類繁殖性能的原因,脂肪酸營養的生殖內分泌調控及其分子基礎則應是后續重點攻關的研究內容。魚類生殖相關性激素的分泌受HPG軸的調節,脂肪酸營養之所以能夠影響魚體性激素的分泌,原因應在于其影響了機體HPG軸的生殖內分泌機能,進而改變了機體內各激素間的動態平衡。因此,針對必需脂肪酸營養對海水魚類生殖內分泌調控及其分子基礎的研究應重點圍繞HPG軸激素間動態平衡的角度展開。
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Research progress of essential fatty acids nutrition in marine fish broodstock
PENG Shi-ming1,LIYun-li1,2,SHIZhao-hong1,GAO Quan-xin1,ZHANG Chen-jie1,WANG Jian-gang1
(1.East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences,Shanghai 200090,China;2.College of Fisheries and Life Science,Shanghai Ocean University,Shanghai 201306,China)
Fatty acids,especially essential fatty acids,play an important role in the regulation of reproductive performance in marine fish.The importance of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids(LC-PUFA),especially 22∶6n-3(DHA),20∶5n-3(EPA)and 20∶4n-6(ARA),in broodstock nutrition has attracted attention in the last two decades.It has been well documented that dietary essential fatty acid is a nutritional factor that greatly affects spawning performance,egg and larval quality of fish.Lipids are utilized as energy sources throughout embryogenesis,and particularly in the later stages of development prior to hatching.EPA and DHA are themajor fatty acids in the total lipid of eggs ofmost fish and these fatty acidsmarkedly influence the reproductive parameters.DHA,especially abundant in retina and brain,has a particularly important role in maintaining the structure and function of the cellmembranes of these tissues.In addition,as a major fatty acid in phosphatidylinositol and precursor of prostaglandin,ARA stimulates ovarian and testicular steroidogenesis and is assumed to be involved in embryonic development of the immune system,hatching and early larval performance.Reported studies on essential fatty acids inmarine fish broodstock mainly cover four fields:(1)Requirements.Fat provides energy and essential fatty acids for the growth ofmarine fishes and play critical roles in marine fish nutrition.n-3 LC-PUFA are essential fatty acids.It is typically recognized thatmarine fishes have a limited ability to convert shorter chain and less unsaturated fatty acids into n-3 LCPUFA.Therefore,adequate amounts of n-3 LC-PUFA must be supplied through the diet to ensure normal growth and development.Studies on somemarine fish species have shown that different fishes require different levels of n-3 LC-PUFA,and also extremely high or low levels of dietary n-3 LC-PUFA are not conducive to the normal growth and development.Hence,the provision of appropriate amounts of dietary n-3 LC-PUFA is essential.On the other hand,little attention has been given to n-6 LC-PUFA in spite of evidence in the literature suggesting its potential importance in reproduction;(2)Reproductive performance.Dietary LCPUFA content greatly affects egg and larval quality.In general,low LC-PUFA levels in broodstock diets decrease egg quality.However,some authors have identified negative effects of excess LC-PUFA on egg quality.To obtain LC-PUFA levels suitable for developing formulated broodstock diet,it is necessary to determine the ways in which the egg changeswith the increasing levels of dietary LC-PUFA;(3)Body fatty acids storage.Numerous earlier reports on different species of finfish have evidenced that the fatty acid compositions of tissue lipids were closely related to dietary fatty acids input.DHA was selectively deposited and retained,as ovary DHA concentrationswere always higher than diet concentrations,suggesting that DHA had higher nutritional value and contributed more to the species reproduction than EPA or ARA;(4)Endocrine regulation.The importance of LC-PUFAs,especially n-3 LC-PUFAs,in broodstock nutrition has been extensively studied.Whilemost studies have focused on the effects of diet on body composition,growth performance,egg quality and larval survival rate,few studies have investigated the effects of nutrients on hormone synthesis during gonadogenesis.Pituitary gonadotropin hormone(GtH),follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH)and luteinizing hormone(LH)are involved in gametogenesis and sexual maturation in teleosts.In salmonid fish,FSH is primarily involved in vitellogenesis and spermatogenesis,whereas LH triggersmaturation,ovulation,and spermiation.In response to GtH,cholesterol is converted into testosterone(T)and 17β-estradiol(E2).E2stimulates hepatic vitellogenin synthesis,which is essential in oocyte development.In rainbow trout,FSH levels increase during vitellogenesis and decrease during finalmaturation concomitantwith increasing LH levels.Sex steroid hormones play important roles in vertebrate reproduction.In several teleost species,E2and T produced in gonadal tissues under the control of GtH,are essential in gametogenesis.Fatty acids(especially PUFAs)are cell signaling molecules,structural compounds and energy sources.PUFAs are crucial formediating immunological,metabolic,and endocrine signalswithin the uterine-fetal-placental unit.PUFAs are precursors of cell signalingmolecules,and there is evidence that they regulatemembrane signal transduction pathways and steroid hormone action,by modulating the binding of estrogen,progesterone,and glucocorticoids to their intracellular receptors.Therefore,PUFAs act as endogenousmodulators of key enzymes involved in steroid metabolism.Previous studies on fish reproduction have focused on lipids as energy sources,but their roles in other physiological processes have been overlooked in spite of the fact that PUFAs and their metabolites produced from cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase have modulatory effects on steroidmetabolism,which in turn control ovulation,steroidogenesis and fecundity rates.This paper reviewed the research on essential fatty acids in marine fish broodstock in the above four fields,especially made a comprehensive analysis on endocrine regulation of essential fatty acids,and proposed suggestions for further research on essential fatty acids in marine fish broodstock.
essential fatty acids;marine fish;broodstock;review;prospect
S 968.1
A
1004-2490(2016)01-0098-09
2015-03-24
國家自然科學基金項目(31202009);上海市科技興農重點攻關項目(滬農科攻字2013-2-1);中央級公益性科研院所基本科研業務費(東2014Z02-2)
彭士明,男,博士,副研究員。E-mail:shiming.peng@163.com