李 陽
《黃帝內經》(以下簡稱《內經》)是《素問》與《靈樞》之合稱,為我國現存最早之醫學典籍,反映了我國古代的醫學成就,奠定了我國醫學發展的基礎,成為我國醫藥之祖,醫家之宗。其思想發乎于遠古,體系形成于春秋,編撰成書于秦漢,其語言之精美、理論之精深、思想之精湛、論述之精練,堪與三墳五典相媲美。斯書之問世,奠定了華夏醫藥的理論基礎和實踐規范,數千年來一直被奉為醫藥圭臬、養生寶典,至今仍然指導著中華醫藥的學術研究和臨床治療。本文從通假字、古今字的辨析與翻譯,詞義的辨析與翻譯,修辭與翻譯幾個方面的進行分析研究。
英譯:Overeating the fat meat and fine grain can cause the occurrence of abscesses.
說明:高,通“膏”;梁,通“粱”。“膏粱”就是肥肉精米。“足”有“能”意。“丁”似為“且”(與疽同)之訛字。“丁”“且”古文形近致誤。膏粱之害,所以能生大疽,是因厚味郁為內熱,發于肌肉,毒深則為癰為疽。《扁鵲心書》卷上引“丁”作“疽”。其書雖偽,此點卻甚可取。[1]無論從文理還是醫理來看,膏粱之變所生均應為“癰疽”,而非“疔瘡”。
英譯:Medical classics stated that excessive pattern should be reduced,and deficient pattern should be supplemented.I have instructed the physicians with these principles but they cannot obtain a satisfactory result.
說明:“寫—瀉”為古今字;錫,通“賜”。
英譯:Slackness and weakness of the extremities is caused by the inability of the spleen to spread the essence.
說明:“解—懈”為古今字。脾精之不行,即脾不散精。
英譯:Yin and yang are the origin of all things.
說明:孫詒讓《札迻》:“能者,胎之借字。”《爾雅· 釋詁》:“胎,始也。”
黃帝問曰:“人身非常溫也,非常熱也,為之熱而煩滿者,何也?”岐伯對曰:“陰氣少而陽氣勝,故熱而煩滿也。”(帝曰:“人身非衣寒也,中非有寒氣也,寒從中生者何?”岐伯曰:“是人多痹氣也,陽氣少陰氣多,故身寒如從水中出。”)(逆調論)
Huang-Di asked:When one has fever and feels vexed and oppressed but not owing to the wearing of warm clothes,what is the reason?
Qi Bo answered:It is due to deficiency of yin qi and overabundance of yang qi.
邪氣盛則實,精氣奪則虛。(通評虛實論)
英譯:Disease patterns caused by overabundant pathogenic factors are excessive,while those caused by damaged healthy qi are deficient.
說明:奪,今義多作“爭奪”解,但用于句中,則義不相協。此當作“失”解,與“盛”反義對舉。《說文·奞部》:“奪,手持奞失之也。”段玉裁注:“引申為凡失去物之稱。”[2]
陽氣者,若天與日,失其所則折壽而不彰。(生氣通天論)
英譯:Yang qi in the human body is just like the sun in the sky.When the sun fails to move normally,all things cannot exist;and when yang qi fails to move normally,the man cannot grow and will die early.
說明:樓英:“人之陽氣猶天之日光,人失陽氣,而知覺運動視聽言嗅之靈明。壞不彰、壽命易折,猶天之失光明,則萬物無以發生也。”彰,同“章”。《匡謬正俗·六》:“古謂大木為章。”引申“章”有長大之意。折壽而不彰,意為人易致夭折,而不能生長壯大。[3]
刺針必肅,刺腫必搖,經刺勿搖。此刺之道也。(診要經終論)
英譯:In pricking,the needle should be inserted quickly;when treating swelling,the needle should be waggled to remove the pathogenic factors;when pricking the meridians,waggling method is not necessary.These are the essentials of acupuncture.
說明:“經刺”,較費解,但對照上文之“刺針”“刺腫”,可知“經刺”即“刺經”。此為交錯語序。
五藏有俞,六府有合。(痹論)
英譯:All the viscera have shu-stream and he-sea points.
說明:該句前有“五藏皆有合”、“六府亦各有俞”句,可知此句應正確理解為:五藏六府皆有俞合。張介賓在《類經》卷十七《痹證》中指出:“五藏有俞,六府有合,乃兼藏府而互言也。”意即本句使用了互備這一修辭手法。
冬則閉塞。閉塞者,用藥而少針石也。(通評虛實論)
英譯:Winter is the season of shutting.When treating diseases in this season,practitioners should prescribe more medicinals and apply less acupuncture.
說明:“用藥而少針石”意為多用藥而少用針石。舉下文“少針石”,見上文“用藥”當為多用藥的意思(舉此見彼)。因為冬時之氣閉藏于體內,而針石宜治外,湯藥善治內,故云。
《內經》雖然成書于秦漢之際,但其修辭手法不但至善至美,而且靈活多樣,豐富和發展了我國古代修辭學。限于篇幅,這里僅舉數例以示其貌。雖然這些修辭手法在目前的翻譯實踐中還無法一一化轉到譯文之中,但對其系統而深入的了解,有利于我們完整準確地掌握《內經》的語言特點和行文風格,從而更好地理解其實際內涵并將其以較為貼切的方式傳達到譯文之中。