秸稈覆蓋下旱作物防旱及生態小氣候效應

帥文衛 成道 劉偉 鄭治斌 劉可群

摘要：針對江漢平原棉花產量減產的氣象因子中干旱的威脅最大，在江漢平原最大棉區天門市開展秸稈覆蓋下旱地棉花防旱及生態小氣候效應研究。結果表明，秸稈覆蓋有增肥和改善土壤結構的作用，覆蓋棉田的土壤肥力比對照平均速效鉀增加18.0 mg/kg，速效磷增加0.4 mg/kg，堿解氮增加2.0 mg/kg，土壤容重比對照低0.154 g/cm3，土壤孔隙度比對照高5.48%；棉田秸稈覆蓋有調溫效應，秸稈覆蓋棉田冠層空氣溫度比對照平均低0.5 ℃，地表溫度平均低1.5 ℃，5 cm地溫平均低0.6 ℃，10 cm地溫平均低0.4 ℃，15 cm地溫平均低0.4 ℃，降溫效果晴天比陰天更明顯；棉田秸稈覆蓋有調濕控濕效應，在連續降雨時，蓋草棉田土壤濕度除10 cm外，20～50 cm層次反對比照田低，且覆蓋棉行間冠層行間空氣濕度（H）平均低0.5%；在降水后5 d左右的的正常情況，可使土壤含水率10～50 cm層次各個時期都有不同程度的增加，各個層次增濕幅度分別為3.3%、3.0%、1.5%、1.4%、0.6%，在干旱天氣條件下增濕幅度分別為6.3%、6.5%、4.2%、4.1%、3.1%。

關鍵詞：秸稈覆蓋；旱作物；防旱效應；生態小氣候效應

中圖分類號：X712；S147.5 文獻標識碼：A 文章編號：0439-8114（2015）13-3118-05

DOI：10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2015.13.012

Effects of Drought Crop Drought Control and Ecological Microclimate

by Straw Mulching

SHUAI Wen-wei1，CHENG Dao1，LIU Wei1，ZHENG Zhi-bin2，LIU Ke-qun3

（1. Tianmen Meteorological Bureau， Tianmen 431700，Hubei， China；2. Hubei Province Meteorological Bureau， Wuhan 430074， China；

3. Regional Climate Center of Wuhan， Wuhan 430074， China）

Abstract： In view of the Jianghan plain cotton harvest by meteorological factors in the threat of drought， the largest in the Jianghan plain largest recorded in Tianmen city of upland cotton covered with straw drought-resisting and ecological microclimate effect was studied. The results showed that straw mulching has the effect of weight gain and improve soil structure， covering cotton soil fertility compared with the average available k increased 18.0 mg/kg， available p increased by 0.4 mg/kg， alkali solution nitrogen increased by 2.0 mg/kg， soil bulk density of 0.154 g/m3， c was lower than the control soil porosity 5.48% higher than ck. Cotton straw covered with thermal control effect， platycodon grandiflorum cotton canopy cover air temperature was low compared with an average of 0.5 ℃， the average surface temperature 1.5 ℃， the average 5 cm geothermal was lower by 0.6 ℃， 10 cm low average ground temperature was lower by 0.4 ℃， and 15 cm low average ground temperature was lower by 0.4 ℃.Cooling effect of sunny days was more obvious than cloudy days. Cotton straw covering could adjust and control moisture and effect， in the continuous rain， grass cover cotton soil moisture in addition to 10 cm， 20 ～ 50 cm level against low in field， and covering cotton canopy row row air humidity （H） on average 0.5% lower； In precipitation around 5 days after the normal situation， can make the moisture content of soil moisture weight 10 ～ 50 cm level， the increase of various periods has different degree of the all levels humidifying rate were 3.3%， 3.0%， 1.5%， 1.4%， 1.5%， under the condition of dry weather humidifying was respectively： 6.3%， 6.5%， 4.2%， 4.1%， 3.2%.

Key words： straw mulching； drought crop；effect of drought control； effect of microclimate effect

收稿日期：2015-01-27

作者簡介：帥文衛（1968-），男，湖北天門人，工程師，碩士，主要從事農業氣象服務工作，（電話）13545992731（電子信箱）13545992731@163.com。