尹繼友
大家都知道,過去分詞既可以出現(xiàn)在系表結(jié)構(gòu)里,又可以出現(xiàn)在被動(dòng)語態(tài)里。因此,我們可以把這種情況稱為靜動(dòng)句的混合體。靜句是用來描寫事物的性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)的;動(dòng)句用來描寫動(dòng)作及其過程。由于這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)在形式上是一樣的,都由be+ed分詞構(gòu)成,這樣就給區(qū)分系表結(jié)構(gòu)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)帶來了麻煩。其實(shí),我們可以從以下幾個(gè)方面來分辨它們。
從動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)來區(qū)分
英語中的不及物動(dòng)詞不用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。但是,不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞可以和動(dòng)詞be連用構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中,過去分詞只表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成,強(qiáng)調(diào)事物的狀態(tài)。常見的這種形式的不及物動(dòng)詞有:gone,come,arrived,fallen,retired,startled,vexed,mistaken等。這些不及物動(dòng)詞都具有描述性質(zhì)。例如:
Her fever is gone,but she still feels weak.
I shall be vexed if you keep mentioning it.
The interviewer was quite mistaken about the incidents which happened in the campus.
注意 如果構(gòu)成分詞的動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,不表示終極界限,也不表示動(dòng)作結(jié)果,而是強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性,在這種情況下謂語大多數(shù)是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如:
All the books were carried to the library.
Several students were honoured for their excellent performance in the English contest.
從句子表達(dá)的內(nèi)容來區(qū)分
被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示動(dòng)作,句子的主語是動(dòng)作的承受者;系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過去分詞已經(jīng)基本上失去了動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì),只起到一個(gè)形容詞的作用,在句子中作表語,說明主語的性質(zhì),或所具有的特征或所處的狀態(tài)。例如:
The houses were beautifully decorated. (系表結(jié)構(gòu))
The houses were decorated and rented to those who were badly in need of shelters. (被動(dòng)語態(tài))
The book is not illustrated. (系表結(jié)構(gòu))
The book was illustrated by a famous artist. (被動(dòng)語態(tài))
從-ed分詞后所跟的介詞來區(qū)別
作形容詞用的-ed分詞在個(gè)別情況下,可以跟隨除by-phrase以外的其他介詞,如about,at,in,on,with,over,to等。例如:
Im interested in my own hobbies,such as collecting stamps,raising birds and fishing. (系表結(jié)構(gòu))
I was interested by what you showed me. (被動(dòng)語態(tài))
The people present at the meeting were annoyed with the tedious speech. (系表結(jié)構(gòu))
The people who wanted to attend the meeting were surprised by the announcement of the adjournment without day. (被動(dòng)語態(tài))
從修飾詞來區(qū)分
1. 在英語表達(dá)中,過去分詞具有形容詞性質(zhì),因此可用程度副詞more,quite,rather,very等修飾?!?br>