閆躍
根據“依著法則”,分詞的邏輯主語需要出現在該分詞所在的句子當中,比如用作狀語的分詞的邏輯主語通常是其所在句子的主語,但有時分詞在句子中找不到它的邏輯主語,就形成了所謂的“垂懸分詞”(亦稱“無依著分詞”)。垂懸分詞從起源上來說,是語言的錯誤使用,但迄今卻廣泛應用于避免使用人稱主語的科技語體中,而且有些垂懸分詞經過語法演化,已經成為正確的用法。并日常化了。下文對常見的垂懸分詞用法作一簡述。
虛化為介詞的垂懸分詞
這類分詞主要有:表示話題引入的coming to,speaking/talking of(相當于when it comes/came to);表示話題涉及的concerning,regarding,respecting,touching;表示理由或原因陳述的allowing for(考慮,顧及,將……計算在內),considering,given,owing to;表示讓步關系的granting,conceding;表示方式或憑借關系的depending on,judging by/from;表示否定假設關系的failing;表示包含或者排除意義的counting,including,excluding,without mentioning。例如:
Coming to/Speaking of/Talking of hobbies, what do you usually do on weekends?
說到業余愛好,你周末通常會做些什么?
Concerning/Regarding/Respecting/Touching tax cut, the two parties have not reached an agreement.
關于減稅的問題,兩黨還未達成一致。
Allowing for inflation, the cost of the project is $2 million.
考慮到通貨膨脹因素,項目的費用為200萬美元。
He sees fairly well, considering/given the fact that he is sixty years of age.
就他現年60歲這一事實而論/鑒于(考慮到)他現年60歲這一情況,他的視力還不錯。
John did quite well in his exams considering how little he studied.
考慮到約翰才學了那么一點點,他考得已經算是很不錯了。
Owing to the fact that I had lost his adress, I did not know where I could find him.
由于我把他的地址弄丟了,我不知道在哪里可以找到他。
Granting all those facts, you still have not convinced me.
就算那些都是事實,你仍然沒有說服我。
Conceding his superiority as a scholar, it is evident that he is inferior as a man.
即使承認他作為一個學者的過人之處,但顯而易見他人品低劣。
The plant may grow to a height of several meters, depending on soil conditions.
這種植物可以長到好幾米高,視土壤條件而定。
Judging by/from the look on Adams face, the news must have been terrible.
從亞當的表情來判斷,肯定是可怕的消息。
Ask a friend to recommend a doctor or, failing that, ask for a list in your local library.
請朋友推薦一位醫生,如果辦不到就向當地圖書館要一份名單。
There are two cheep hotels, but failing either of these, you may as well go back to where you were before.
有兩家廉價的旅館,但如果兩家都不行的話,你不妨回到以前住的地方。