As well as的結(jié)構(gòu)與語(yǔ)義分析

有讀者來(lái)信詢問(wèn)句子成分劃分的問(wèn)題，具體如下。

張老師，我們最近在討論一個(gè)句子的成分劃分問(wèn)題，有了一些分歧，想問(wèn)問(wèn)您的看法。句子如下。

They tend to be more independent， which is a very important factor in academic study and research， as well as giving them an advantage in terms of coping with the challenges of student life.

我們其中一方認(rèn)為，which指代了they tend to be more independent整個(gè)內(nèi)容，然后引導(dǎo)了并列的兩個(gè)成分is a very important factor in academic study and research和giving them an advantage in terms of coping with the challenges of student life。主句是第一個(gè)逗號(hào)前的所有內(nèi)容，which指代主句的內(nèi)容，并發(fā)出兩個(gè)動(dòng)作—一個(gè)是“is a very important factor ...”，另一個(gè)是“gives them an advantage …”。由于有as well as存在，gives變成了現(xiàn)在分詞形式giving。而另一方認(rèn)為，“which is a very important factor … research”和“giving them … student life”是并列內(nèi)容。在這個(gè)句子中，they tend to be more independent的確是主句，但第一個(gè)并列成分是“which is a very important factor ... research”，后面的“giving them … student life”其實(shí)是作主句的分詞狀語(yǔ)，與“which is a very important factor ... research”互為并列，而不認(rèn)為give的發(fā)出者是which。

請(qǐng)問(wèn)張老師怎么看呢？

簡(jiǎn)言之，上述爭(zhēng)議為，“giving them … student life”是與定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)部分“is a very important factor … research”并列，還是與整個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句“which is a very important factor … research”并列。解決這種分歧的關(guān)鍵在于正確理解as well as的結(jié)構(gòu)和用法，這就是本期要討論的內(nèi)容。

As well as的詞性、結(jié)構(gòu)及語(yǔ)義

一般來(lái)說(shuō)，as well as可以有下面三種用法，對(duì)應(yīng)于不同的結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)義。

As well as比較結(jié)構(gòu)的用法

首先，我們可以把a(bǔ)s well as看成是來(lái)自比較結(jié)構(gòu)“as … as”，這里的well是一個(gè)副詞，修飾動(dòng)詞，表達(dá)同級(jí)比較，基本意思是“與……一樣好”。請(qǐng)看例句。

1. I can sing the song as well as he does.

我能夠把這首歌唱得和他一樣好。

但as well as的這個(gè)用法不是我們這里要重點(diǎn)討論的。我們所要討論的as well as是作為一個(gè)整體，連接兩個(gè)并列成分，基本結(jié)構(gòu)是X as well as Y。并列的X、Y成分可以是名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)甚至謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)里，as well as可以充當(dāng)介詞，也可以充當(dāng)連詞。在下面具體舉例說(shuō)明之前，我們先列表總結(jié)如下。

As well as充當(dāng)介詞連接并列成分

當(dāng)我們把a(bǔ)s well as用作介詞時(shí)，其后可以接名詞或動(dòng)名詞。請(qǐng)看例句。

2. When I came to China in 1992， a wheelchair was never seen. When I left in 2012， it was common to see people in wheelchairs. Besides that， new buildings were required to have ramps as well as steps.

我1992年來(lái)中國(guó)時(shí)，沒(méi)見(jiàn)到有輪椅。等我2012年離開(kāi)中國(guó)時(shí)，人們坐輪椅已經(jīng)是司空見(jiàn)慣了。此外，新建樓房要求不僅要有臺(tái)階，而且要建坡道。

解析：這里的ramps是指專供殘疾人輪椅使用的坡道，而steps指的就是供腿腳正常的人使用的臺(tái)階。我們知道，一般樓房有臺(tái)階這是很常見(jiàn)的，但坡道則出現(xiàn)得相對(duì)比較晚，也比較少。所以這里作者說(shuō)ramps as well as steps，目的是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)ramps。如果要ramps與steps互換位置，則意味著樓房通常都有坡道，而臺(tái)階則少見(jiàn)—這顯然不符合現(xiàn)實(shí)。

由此可見(jiàn)，在X as well as Y結(jié)構(gòu)中，Y這個(gè)概念往往是已知的、常規(guī)的，因此無(wú)需被強(qiáng)調(diào)或重點(diǎn)介紹，而X這個(gè)概念則是新近的、少見(jiàn)的，需要加以強(qiáng)調(diào)或重點(diǎn)介紹。

我們還可以把a(bǔ)s well as Y提到句首，比如下面這個(gè)例句。

3. As well as advantages there are also three main disadvantages of tourism. The first is erosion of the countryside by so many people： Paths， grass and other areas of vegetation and woodland get worn away.

除了優(yōu)點(diǎn)之外，旅游業(yè)還有三大主要弊端。首先就是人多了會(huì)對(duì)鄉(xiāng)村環(huán)境造成破壞，比如人行步道、草坪、其他綠地植被和林地都會(huì)遭到損害。

解析：這里as well as連接的并列成分是advantages和disadvantages，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是disadvantages，因此下文對(duì)旅游的缺點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了展開(kāi)敘述。

既然充當(dāng)介詞，那么當(dāng)as well as后接動(dòng)詞時(shí)，自然要把動(dòng)詞變成動(dòng)名詞。比如，《朗文當(dāng)代高級(jí)英語(yǔ)詞典》上還專門列出了as well as doing something結(jié)構(gòu)，并給出了下面這個(gè)例句。

4. The organization gives help and support to people in need， as well as raising money for local charities.

該組織不僅為當(dāng)?shù)卮壬茩C(jī)構(gòu)籌款，而且還對(duì)需要幫助的人提供幫助和支持。

解析：我們看到，這里的gives help and support to people in need與raising money for local charities是并列成分，這里將as well as當(dāng)作介詞使用，as well as后面使用了動(dòng)名詞raising。

As well as充當(dāng)連詞連接并列成分

當(dāng)as well as用作連詞時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列連詞，連接兩個(gè)并列成分，比如并列的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、名詞短語(yǔ)、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)等等。As well as充當(dāng)連詞的用法比充當(dāng)介詞的用法更常見(jiàn)。下面我們來(lái)看例句。

5. The organization gives help and support to people in need， as well as raises money for local charities. （接謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，該句是對(duì)句5的改寫）

6. A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as the companies he keeps， for there is a companionship of books as well as of men. （接名詞短語(yǔ)與介詞短語(yǔ)）

常言說(shuō)，觀其友可以知其人，其實(shí)觀其所讀之書亦可知其人，因?yàn)榕c人為伴的不僅是人也可以是書。

7. He is courageous as well as strong. （接形容詞）

他既堅(jiān)強(qiáng)又有膽識(shí)。

8. An effective sentence expresses an idea or relationship clearly and concisely as well as grammatically. （接副詞）

有效的句子在表達(dá)思想或語(yǔ)義關(guān)系時(shí)，不僅語(yǔ)法正確，而且簡(jiǎn)潔明了。

9. Love lives in cottages as well as in courts. （接介詞短語(yǔ)）

愛(ài)情無(wú)貴賤，貧富皆有之。

問(wèn)題解答

掌握了上述as well as的用法后，我們?cè)賮?lái)看文章開(kāi)頭的那句話。

They tend to be more independent， which is a very important factor in academic study and research， as well as giving them an advantage in terms of coping with the challenges of student life.

解析：這里as well as連接的是并列的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)“is a very important … research”和“giving them … student life”。作者這里把a(bǔ)s well as用作介詞，所以其后接了動(dòng)名詞giving。如果把a(bǔ)s well as用作連詞，則可以說(shuō)成“… as well as gives them …”。另外，值得注意的是，關(guān)系代詞which不是指代前面整個(gè)主句，而是指代非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)to be more independent。因此，該定語(yǔ)從句可以改為以下兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。

a. Being more independent is a very important factor in academic study and research.

b. Being more independent gives them an advantage in terms of coping with the challenges of student life.