俞江濤 吳紅英
英語動詞的語態分為兩種:主動語態和被動語態。主動語態強調主語是謂語動作的執行者,二者為主動關系。被動語態強調主語是謂語動作的承受者,二者為被動關系。如:
I have done the job. (主動關系)
The job has been done. (被動關系)
為了在面對被動語態時不”被動”,讓我們從以下三大方面來掌握被動語態。
[被動語態的構成]
被動語態由助動詞be加及物動詞的過去分詞構成。被動語態可以用于各種時態,高考主要考查以下八種:一般現在時的被動語態(am/is/are+過去分詞);一般過去時的被動語態(was/were+過去分詞);一般將來時的被動語態(will/shall be+過去分詞);過去將來時的被動語態(would/should+be+過去分詞);現在進行時的被動語態(am/is/are+being+過去分詞);過去進行時的被動語態(was/were+being+過去分詞);完成時的被動語態(have/has/had+been+過去分詞);帶情態動詞的被動語態(情態動詞be+過去分詞)。
被動語態除常用be+過去分詞外,還可用get+過去分詞。這種結構多用在口語中,高考常考。例如:Hundreds of people get killed every year by traffic.
[被動語態的意義]
1. 不知道或無必要指出行為、動作的執行者時(無須加介詞by),如:Football is played all over the world。
2. 突出和強調行為或動作的承受者時,如:History is made by the people。
3. 有時主語較長,宜后置,如:Its said that they have won the game。
[使用被動語態的注意事項]
1. 短語動詞的被動語態要注意不可丟失其附加的介詞、副詞或短語。如:look at, laugh at, send for, call on, carry out, take care of等。例如:
The data is often referred to.
My sister is taken care of by Grandma.
2. 不及物動詞沒有被動語態。如:appear, belong, remain, happen, occur, escape, break out等。例如:
(錯誤)The Anti-Japanese War was broken out in 1937.
(正確)The Anti-Japanese War broke out in 1937.
(錯誤)At last, my dream was come true.
(正確)At last, my dream come true.
3. 連系動詞用主動形式表達被動含義。
①表示感官的連系動詞,如:smell, taste, sound, feel, look, seem等,這類動詞只能用主動形式表達被動的含義。如:
Mr Li looks quite young.
His health seems to be better.
②表示持續狀態的動詞,如stay, remain等,也不用于被動語態,它們的被動意義也要用主動的形式來表達。……