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脊柱畸形手術(shù)術(shù)中CT導(dǎo)航與徒手椎弓根置釘準(zhǔn)確性比較

2015-03-21 02:44:30張永剛任寧濤董天祥

王 鈾,崔 賡,張永剛,任寧濤,張 恒,齊 鵬,董天祥

解放軍總醫(yī)院 骨科,北京 100853

脊柱畸形手術(shù)術(shù)中CT導(dǎo)航與徒手椎弓根置釘準(zhǔn)確性比較

王 鈾,崔 賡,張永剛,任寧濤,張 恒,齊 鵬,董天祥

解放軍總醫(yī)院 骨科,北京 100853

目的通過與徒手置釘?shù)谋容^,探討在后路全椎弓根釘治療脊柱畸形手術(shù)術(shù)中CT導(dǎo)航下置釘?shù)臏?zhǔn)確性優(yōu)勢及臨床價值。方法回顧性分析2009 - 2012年我科連續(xù)100例接受脊柱矯形手術(shù)并行術(shù)中CT的患者。所有病例分為導(dǎo)航組和非導(dǎo)航組,其中導(dǎo)航組37例,非導(dǎo)航組63例。根據(jù)椎弓根釘置入節(jié)段的不同,將兩組各分為胸椎、上胸椎、中胸椎、下胸椎及腰椎5個亞組,比較并分析兩組整體間及各亞組間椎弓根螺釘?shù)闹冕敎?zhǔn)確性。結(jié)果導(dǎo)航組總體椎弓根置釘準(zhǔn)確率(94.61%)高于非導(dǎo)航組(88.43%)(P<0.05),返修率(2.43%)低于非導(dǎo)航組(6.06%)(P<0.05);各亞組間比較,導(dǎo)航胸椎組、中胸椎組、下胸椎組椎弓根置釘準(zhǔn)確率均高于非導(dǎo)航相對應(yīng)組(P<0.05),返修率均低于非導(dǎo)航相對應(yīng)組(P<0.05);兩組上胸椎組間及腰椎組間準(zhǔn)確率及返修率差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。結(jié)論術(shù)中CT導(dǎo)航可提高脊柱畸形矯形手術(shù)中的椎弓根螺釘置釘準(zhǔn)確性,尤其是胸椎弓根置釘?shù)臏?zhǔn)確性。

術(shù)中CT;導(dǎo)航;椎弓根螺釘;脊柱畸形

椎弓根螺釘內(nèi)固定技術(shù)具有把持力強(qiáng)、椎體去旋轉(zhuǎn)及矯形能力好、所需固定節(jié)段短、可實(shí)現(xiàn)三柱固定及冠狀位平衡效果好等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[1-4],近年來廣泛用于脊柱畸形的外科治療。然而,由于脊柱畸形患者不同椎體椎弓根尺寸及方向上存在較大的差異,椎弓根螺釘?shù)闹萌氪嬖谝欢ǖ娘L(fēng)險,如神經(jīng)血管損傷、胸腹腔臟器損傷等[5-6]。隨著各種計算機(jī)導(dǎo)航技術(shù)的發(fā)展,術(shù)中CT導(dǎo)航技術(shù)有明顯優(yōu)勢,可為術(shù)者提供實(shí)時高清三維影像,能顯著提高椎弓根螺釘置釘準(zhǔn)確性[7-9]。本研究就脊柱畸形術(shù)中CT導(dǎo)航輔助下椎弓根置釘與徒手置釘準(zhǔn)確性進(jìn)行對比分析。

資料和方法

1 資料 回顧性分析2009 - 2012年于我院接受脊柱畸形矯形手術(shù)并行術(shù)中CT的連續(xù)100例患者,其中男性47例,女性53例。所有病例分為導(dǎo)航組和非導(dǎo)航組,其中導(dǎo)航組37例,非導(dǎo)航組63例;根據(jù)椎弓根釘置入節(jié)段的不同,將兩組病例各分為5個亞組:胸椎組,上胸椎組(胸1 ~ 4),中胸椎組(胸5 ~ 8),下胸椎組(胸9 ~ 12)及腰椎組。見表1。

2 手術(shù)方法 兩組病例手術(shù)均在CT手術(shù)室進(jìn)行。1)導(dǎo)航組:采用氣管插管全身麻醉后,患者取俯臥位,消毒后鋪無菌巾單,按預(yù)定融合范圍常規(guī)切開皮膚及皮下組織,顯露后方骨性結(jié)構(gòu);將參考架固定于棘突上,而后行術(shù)中CT掃描。掃描結(jié)束后,采集的數(shù)據(jù)自動上傳至導(dǎo)航中心。基于術(shù)中采集的數(shù)據(jù),自動注冊后,將生成冠狀位、矢狀位、橫斷位的實(shí)時三維影像,并可清晰顯示導(dǎo)航器械或內(nèi)置物與椎弓根壁及椎體的相對位置[10](圖1)。在導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)支持下,選擇進(jìn)釘點(diǎn)及釘?shù)溃髯刁w置入椎弓根螺釘,且各椎弓根的直徑及長度均可準(zhǔn)確測量,因此術(shù)中可選擇合適型號的椎弓根螺釘。2)非導(dǎo)航組:采取傳統(tǒng)的徒手置釘技術(shù)。所有椎弓根釘置入完畢后,再次行術(shù)中CT掃描,并由有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的脊柱外科醫(yī)師評定各螺釘?shù)臏?zhǔn)確性及記錄螺釘破出程度,評定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)依據(jù)Ganesh Rao法[11]。若螺釘破出椎弓根壁>2 mm(gradeⅡ),則評定為誤置螺釘,需重新置入;誤置螺釘修正完畢后,再次行術(shù)中CT掃描直至所有螺釘評定合格,而后置入內(nèi)固定棒并行畸形矯正。

3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法 采用SPSS16.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析軟件,計量資料以表示,分類數(shù)據(jù)采用χ2檢驗(yàn),比較并分析兩組的性別、年齡、置釘準(zhǔn)確率及返修率,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。

結(jié) 果

1 兩組一般資料比較 導(dǎo)航組與非導(dǎo)航組間性別及年齡差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義;導(dǎo)航組37例共置入椎弓根釘575枚,非導(dǎo)航組63例共置入椎弓根釘1 072枚;導(dǎo)航組胸、腰椎置釘數(shù)分別為381枚和194枚,其中上胸椎67枚,中胸椎125枚,下胸椎189枚;非導(dǎo)航組胸、腰椎分別置釘752枚和320枚,其中上胸椎119枚,中胸椎249枚,下胸椎384枚。見表1。

2 兩組置釘準(zhǔn)確率比較 導(dǎo)航組總體椎弓根置釘準(zhǔn)確率(94.61%)高于非導(dǎo)航組(88.43%)(P<0.05),返修率(2.43%)低于非導(dǎo)航組(6.06%)(P<0.05);與非導(dǎo)航組相比,導(dǎo)航組胸椎椎弓根置釘準(zhǔn)確率(93.44%)明顯更高(P=0.000 3),返修率(2.89%)更低(P=0.005 2);但兩組間腰椎的置釘準(zhǔn)確率(P=0.087 4)及返修率(P=0.111 3)均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異。胸椎各亞組間,相比于非導(dǎo)航組,導(dǎo)航組中胸椎及下胸椎組置釘準(zhǔn)確率明顯更高,返修率明顯更低;但上胸椎組間置釘準(zhǔn)確率及返修率均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異。見表1。

圖 1 術(shù)中CT實(shí)時導(dǎo)航下椎弓根進(jìn)釘點(diǎn)及進(jìn)釘路徑A:橫斷位術(shù)中CT影像;B:矢狀位術(shù)中CT影像;C:冠狀位術(shù)中CT影像;D:冠狀位不同層面的術(shù)中CT影像 0 mm、5 mm、10 mm、15 mmFig. 1 Entry point and trajectory for pedicle screw insertion into deformed vertebra using the tracked pedicle awl in the real-time images of iCT based navigationA: Axial plane of iCT image guidance; B: sagittal plane of iCT image guidance; C: coronal plane of iCT image guidance; D: different levels (0 mm, 5 mm, 10 mm, and 15 mm) of coronal plane of iCT image guidance

表1 臨床資料及臨床數(shù)據(jù)分析結(jié)果Tab. 1 Demographic and clinical outcome data (n, %)

討 論

由于具有比其他內(nèi)固定技術(shù)更加優(yōu)越的生物力學(xué)效應(yīng)[1,12-13],脊柱椎弓根螺釘內(nèi)固定術(shù)自出現(xiàn)開始就廣泛應(yīng)用于脊柱外科手術(shù)。然而,椎弓根螺釘?shù)膽?yīng)用仍存在一定風(fēng)險,如螺釘誤置后導(dǎo)致脊髓損傷、神經(jīng)根損傷、大血管損傷及胸、腹腔臟器損傷等,并因此引起沉重的社會經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)[14-15]。

隨著計算機(jī)導(dǎo)航技術(shù)的發(fā)展,椎弓根螺釘內(nèi)固定技術(shù)治療脊柱畸形的安全性已有所提高[9]。目前,主要的導(dǎo)航技術(shù)有如下幾種:“C”型臂透視二維圖像導(dǎo)航,CT術(shù)前圖像導(dǎo)航,Iso-C術(shù)中三維導(dǎo)航,“O”臂術(shù)中三維導(dǎo)航,術(shù)中MRI導(dǎo)航及術(shù)中三維CT導(dǎo)航技術(shù)。與其他幾種導(dǎo)航技術(shù)相比,術(shù)中三維CT導(dǎo)航技術(shù)具有諸多優(yōu)勢,如自動注冊、注冊時間短、采集數(shù)據(jù)快、實(shí)時導(dǎo)航、高清三維影像等[7-8,16-18]。

Tormenti等[17]報道,在術(shù)中三維CT導(dǎo)航技術(shù)輔助下,脊柱矯形手術(shù)共置入椎弓根釘164枚,誤置2枚,螺釘誤置率1.22%。本研究中,導(dǎo)航組胸椎螺釘破出率為6.6%,全脊柱螺釘破出率為5.3%,而在非導(dǎo)航組,此比例分別為13.7%和11.6%,并且導(dǎo)航組的誤置返修率也明顯低于非導(dǎo)航組;導(dǎo)航組螺釘誤置率為2.43%,與Tormenti研究結(jié)果相近。若根據(jù)節(jié)段不同將胸椎分成3個亞組,結(jié)果表明,導(dǎo)航組中胸椎及下胸椎置釘準(zhǔn)確性明顯高于非導(dǎo)航組,但是上胸椎及腰椎兩組間無明顯統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異,我們推測原因在于上胸椎畸形相對較輕、樣本數(shù)量較少,而腰椎椎弓根直徑較寬,螺釘置入相對簡單。脊柱畸形患者不同椎弓根間形態(tài)學(xué)差異較大,且普遍存在椎體旋轉(zhuǎn),這種椎體旋轉(zhuǎn)通常出現(xiàn)在三維角度而不僅是單平面上,Liljenqvist等[19]報道椎體旋轉(zhuǎn)與凹側(cè)椎弓根直徑之間存在明顯負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系,這也是脊柱畸形椎弓根釘容易出現(xiàn)誤置并導(dǎo)致相關(guān)風(fēng)險產(chǎn)生的原因之一[20]。因此,術(shù)中三維CT導(dǎo)航技術(shù)的應(yīng)用理論上有利于提高置釘安全性,因?yàn)樗梢栽谌S角度清晰地呈現(xiàn)導(dǎo)航器械或內(nèi)置物與椎弓根壁及椎體的相對位置。所以,我們認(rèn)為此技術(shù)可以有效提高脊柱矯形手術(shù),尤其是重度畸形矯形術(shù)的置釘準(zhǔn)確性。然而,術(shù)中CT導(dǎo)航有其局限性,這些缺點(diǎn)使其難以得到普及,如價格昂貴、學(xué)習(xí)曲線長,另外,盡管避免了工作人員的射線暴露,但增加了患者的射線吸收劑量,同時也加重了患者的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)[9]。

術(shù)中三維CT導(dǎo)航技術(shù)應(yīng)用于脊柱畸形的外科治療,尤其在胸椎置釘時,可明顯提高椎弓根螺釘置入的準(zhǔn)確性,降低螺釘誤置率,減少手術(shù)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。

參考文獻(xiàn)

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6 Diab M, Smith AR, Kuklo TR, et al. Neural complications in the surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis[J]. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2007, 32(24): 2759-2763.

7 Scheufler KM, Cyron D, Dohmen HA. Less invasive surgical correction of adult degenerative scoliosis, part I: technique and radiographic results[J]. Neurosurgery, 2010, 67(3): 696-710.

8 Scheufler KM, Cyron D, Dohmen HA. Less invasive surgical correction of adult degenerative scoliosis. part II: complications and clinical outcome[J]. Neurosurgery, 2010, 67(6): 1609-1621.

9 Cui G, Wang Y, Kao TH, et al. Application of intraoperative computed tomography with or without navigation system in surgical correction of spinal deformity a preliminary result of 59 consecutive human cases[J]. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2012, 37(10): 891-900.

10 Amiot LP, Lang K, Putzier M, et al. Comparative results between conventional and computer-assisted pedicle screw installation in the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spine[J]. Spine (Phila Pa 1976),2000, 25(5): 606-614.

11 Rao G, Brodke DS, Rondina M, et al. Inter- and intraobserver reliability of computed tomography in assessment of thoracic pedicle screw placement[J]. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2003, 28(22):2527-2530.

12 Belmont PJ, Klemme WR, Dhawan A, et al. In vivo accuracy of thoracic pedicle screws[J]. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2001, 26(21):2340-2346.

13 O’brien MF, Lenke LG, Mardjetko S, et al. Pedicle morphology in thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis - Is pedicle fixation an anatomically viable technique?[J]. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2000,25(18): 2285-2293.

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Comparison of intraoperative CT – based navigation versus non-navigated pedicle screw placement in surgical correction of spinal deformity

WANG You, CUI Geng, ZHANG Yonggang, REN Ningtao, ZHANG Heng, QI Peng, DONG Tianxiang
Department of Orthopaedic, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China

CUI Geng. Email: cuigeng@aliyun.com

ObjectiveTo explore the results and clinical value of intraoperative computed tomography (iCT) navigation in pedicle screw insertion accuracy in comparison to screw placement without navigation in spinal deformity surgery.MethodsClinical data about 100 patients who underwent surgical deformity correction with assistance of iCT in our hospital from 2009 to 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were divided into two groups: navigation group (n=37), and non-navigation group (n=63). In each group, patients were divided into different subgroups according to the spinal segment (thoracic vertebrae, upper/middle/ lower thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae). The screw placement accuracy was analyzed.ResultsCompared with non-navigation group, there showed a higher accuracy rate and a lower revision rate of total pedicle screws placement in navigation group (94.61% vs 88.43%, 2.43% vs 6.06%, P<0.05). The screws insertion accuracy rate of thoracic pedicle screws, middle and lower thoracic screws in navigation group was higher and the revision rate was lower than that of non-navigation group. However, no significant difference was found in upper thoracic and lumbar pedicle screws (P<0.05).ConclusionThe iCT navigation system provides a high accuracy of pedicle screw placement in surgical correction of spinal deformity, especially in thoracic spinal instrumentation.

intraoperative CT; navigation; pedicle screws; spinal deformity

R 687.3

A

2095-5227(2015)06-0595-04

10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2015.06.020

時間:2015-03-10 09:44

http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20150310.0944.005.html

2014-12-16

王鈾,男,在讀碩士,醫(yī)師。研究方向:脊柱外科。Email: magicwangyou@163.com

崔庚,男,博士,副主任醫(yī)師,碩士生導(dǎo)師。Email: cuigeng@aliyun.com

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