劉詩(shī)盈,王愛(ài)平,徐 蕾,閻 蕾,景麗偉
依從性是病人的行為(如服藥、控制飲食、改變不良生活習(xí)慣等)與醫(yī)囑相符合的程度[1]。在近年來(lái)的國(guó)外文獻(xiàn)中,藥物依從性(medication compliance)通常包括服藥遵從性(adherence)和持久性(persistence)。服藥遵從性也稱為順從性,可定義為病人按照處方服藥的自愿合作程度,包括是否按時(shí)、按量、規(guī)律服藥;藥物治療的持久性是指對(duì)治療從啟動(dòng)到停止的持續(xù)時(shí)間上的測(cè)定[2]。2012年的美國(guó)國(guó)家綜合癌癥網(wǎng)(National Comprehensive Cancer Network,NCCN)乳腺癌臨床實(shí)踐指南建議,雌激素受體(ER)或孕激素受體(PR)表達(dá)陽(yáng)性的乳腺癌病人術(shù)后需要接受至少5年的內(nèi)分泌治療[3]。常規(guī)使用藥物為口服他莫昔芬(tamoxifen,Tam)和芳香化酶抑制劑(aromatase inhibitors,AI)。病人若按照時(shí)間和劑量服藥,則會(huì)從內(nèi)分泌治療中獲益很多。本研究整理國(guó)外30篇對(duì)乳腺癌內(nèi)分泌治療依從性的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,確定影響乳腺癌病人服藥依從性的相關(guān)因素,并分析改善內(nèi)分泌治療依從性的護(hù)理措施。
服藥依從性是病人遵從醫(yī)療建議及按醫(yī)囑服藥的程度,強(qiáng)調(diào)病人在維持一種治療方案中的持續(xù)性[4]。
1.1 藥物持有率(medication possession ratio,MPR)計(jì)算藥物持有率來(lái)反映服藥依從性。MPR為治療期間所獲藥物覆蓋的天數(shù)/治療總天數(shù)×100%。MPR的范圍為0%~100%,此值越高說(shuō)明服藥依從性越好。當(dāng) MPR≥80%時(shí)[5],定義為服藥依從性良好;當(dāng) MPR<80%時(shí),定義為服藥依從性不良[6]。通過(guò)摘錄研究對(duì)象內(nèi)分泌治療期間醫(yī)囑的藥物名稱、劑量和續(xù)藥時(shí)間,計(jì)算服藥期間的MPR值,間接反映治療期間病人的服藥依從性。在完成5年內(nèi)分泌藥物治療前,距離前一次處方藥物服用完后,超過(guò)180d沒(méi)有開(kāi)藥,則定義為不依從[7]。
1.2 服藥依從性問(wèn)卷(Morisky Medication Adherence Scale,MMAS-8) 該問(wèn)卷為自評(píng)量表,通過(guò)8個(gè)問(wèn)題來(lái)評(píng)定依從性得分。問(wèn)題①~⑦答“否”分別計(jì)1分,答“是”不計(jì)分,問(wèn)題⑤為反向計(jì)分,問(wèn)題⑧按病人不記得服藥的頻率“從不”“偶爾”“有時(shí)”“經(jīng)常”“一直”分別計(jì)1.00分、0.75分、0.50分、0.25分和0.00分。量表總分為8分,得分<6分為依從性差,6分~7分為依從性中等,8分為依從性好[8]。
1.3 服 藥 信 念 量 表 (Beliefs about Medicine Questionnaire,BMQ) 該量表包括服藥信念特異性問(wèn)卷和服藥信念普適性問(wèn)卷兩部分。特異性問(wèn)卷評(píng)估病人對(duì)服藥必要性的感知和對(duì)服藥導(dǎo)致不良反應(yīng)的顧慮2個(gè)維度;普適性問(wèn)卷評(píng)估病人對(duì)藥物治療的一般信念。問(wèn)卷評(píng)分使用Likert 5級(jí)評(píng)分法(非常不同意計(jì)1分,不同意計(jì)2分,無(wú)所謂計(jì)3分,同意計(jì)4分,非常同意計(jì)5分)。問(wèn)卷各維度的得分范圍為5分~25分,得分越高相關(guān)信念越強(qiáng)。必要性維度與顧慮維度得分之差的范圍是-20分~+20分,該得分可反映出病人對(duì)藥物治療的利益分析[9]。
數(shù)據(jù)的來(lái)源主要有4種:①收集病人答題問(wèn)卷的方式(patient self-report questionnaire,SR);②提取醫(yī)療診療和藥物領(lǐng)取記錄的方式(prescription records,RR);③藥丸計(jì)數(shù)的方式(pill count,PC);④電子儀器監(jiān)控的方式(medication event monitoring,MEMS)。研究顯示,對(duì)于依從性的反饋,SR數(shù)據(jù)最高,其次依次是PC和RR,MEMS提供的依從性數(shù)據(jù)最低[7]。調(diào)查研究的最主要限制是自我報(bào)告為數(shù)據(jù)的主要來(lái)源,Waterhouse等[10]于1993年就對(duì)這樣的收集方式提出質(zhì)疑,稱會(huì)導(dǎo)致數(shù)據(jù)相對(duì)主觀和錯(cuò)誤。傳統(tǒng)的方法收集不依從的數(shù)據(jù)(如自我報(bào)告和藥丸計(jì)數(shù))會(huì)過(guò)高程度估計(jì)病人服藥方案的依從性,建議使用微電子監(jiān)控跟蹤病人的依從性行為。
3.1 乳腺癌病人內(nèi)分泌治療依從性明顯呈逐年下降趨勢(shì) 2008年,McCowan等[11]歷時(shí)5年對(duì)2 080例激素受體陽(yáng)性并服用Tam的病人的調(diào)查表明,口服Tam依從性第1年為77.9%,到第5年降至51.0%。類似的結(jié)果在Tam和AI聯(lián)合用藥的調(diào)查人群中也同樣出現(xiàn),2012年,Weaver等[12]對(duì)857例參與治療的病人進(jìn)行研究,其1年~5年的依從性分別為77%、71%、70%、65%、58%。研究證實(shí),乳腺癌病人在服用內(nèi)分泌藥物的第1年依從性最好,為72%~88%,服藥第3年下降至62%~79%,到了服藥的第4年~第5年研究結(jié)束時(shí)所記錄的數(shù)據(jù)最低,就只有50%~69%病人完成完整的內(nèi)分泌口服藥物治療方案[7,11-17]。
3.2 影響乳腺癌內(nèi)分泌治療病人依從性的相關(guān)因素
3.2.1 病人因素
3.2.1.1 年齡 影響依從性的相關(guān)因素眾多,其中年齡因素是最經(jīng)常被提及的。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)年齡低于45歲和高于75歲的人群依從性較差,50歲~69歲病人依從 性 最 好[11,13-15,18-28]。如2 0 1 0年 Hershiman團(tuán) 隊(duì) 對(duì)8 769例病人4年6個(gè)月的醫(yī)療數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)后發(fā)現(xiàn),與50歲~65歲年齡組群病人相比,小于40歲組群和大于75歲組群的依從性要明顯下降,有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),其中小于40歲組群202例有超過(guò)40%的病人表現(xiàn)為不依從[14]。但鑒于研究并非使用統(tǒng)一的年齡分組區(qū)間,所以尚未得出一致結(jié)論。
3.2.1.2 其他人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)因素 經(jīng)濟(jì)收入是最常被提 及 有 統(tǒng) 計(jì) 學(xué) 意 義 的 因 素[24-26,29,30],其 中 Neugut等[24]在2011年對(duì)22 160份數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)后提出用藥成本是影響病人依從性變差的重要經(jīng)濟(jì)原因,病人對(duì)術(shù)后復(fù)查及后續(xù)治療造成的經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力存在恐懼,表現(xiàn)出完全不復(fù)查或減少?gòu)?fù)查的現(xiàn)象。此外,2011年Oguntola等[25]提出職業(yè)類型也是另外一個(gè)原因,因?yàn)榉泵Φ墓ぷ骱徒?jīng)常性外出可能改變依從率。
3.2.1.3 疾病相關(guān)知識(shí) 目前大多數(shù)病人認(rèn)為乳腺癌治療中只要術(shù)后出院或放化療結(jié)束就算痊愈,對(duì)于病情的發(fā)展盲目樂(lè)觀,對(duì)后繼內(nèi)分泌長(zhǎng)期治療和轉(zhuǎn)移復(fù)發(fā)監(jiān)測(cè)的重要性認(rèn)識(shí)不足。同時(shí)隨著身體和心理逐漸恢復(fù)正常,病人常常放松警惕,減少或不復(fù)查。Cluze等[31,32]的研究認(rèn)為,對(duì)疾病認(rèn)知水平低,致使病人未能認(rèn)識(shí)到內(nèi)分泌治療的重要性,會(huì)導(dǎo)致不依從。病人的不依從行為,干擾了正常的治療,影響治療效果,致使術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)以及對(duì)側(cè)乳腺發(fā)生乳腺癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)幾率大大提高。
3.2.1.4 病人服藥信念 內(nèi)分泌治療階段,有些病人認(rèn)為癌癥為不治之癥,消極被動(dòng)接受治療,缺乏對(duì)醫(yī)護(hù)人員的信任;有些病人不能直接感受到治療的效果,但卻或多或少感受到治療帶來(lái)的副反應(yīng),容易產(chǎn)生不同程度的恐懼、悲觀負(fù)面情緒;還有些病人對(duì)術(shù)后病情心存僥幸心理便擅自停用藥物。2011年Oguntola等[25]對(duì)115例病人進(jìn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),缺乏服藥信念會(huì)直接導(dǎo)致病人依從性差,出現(xiàn)漏服或停服現(xiàn)象。由于服藥信念與藥物依從性是相互影響的,消極的服藥信念可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致服藥不依從,同時(shí)病人服藥依從時(shí)所產(chǎn)生的不良反應(yīng)可能會(huì)引發(fā)消極的服藥信念并降低依從性[29,31-33]。
3.2.2 藥物因素 研究發(fā)現(xiàn),乳腺癌病人在內(nèi)分泌治療時(shí)服藥出現(xiàn)的副反應(yīng)是導(dǎo)致不依從的重要因素之一。盡管Tam和AI一般耐受性良好,但每種藥還是基于藥物作用機(jī)制存在副反應(yīng)。如Perez[34]曾論述過(guò)雖然Tam類藥物有降低血清膽固醇、防止骨骼和心血管疾病的好處,但是與病人服藥后出現(xiàn)的面色潮紅和情緒低落有關(guān)聯(lián),同時(shí)增加了子宮內(nèi)膜癌的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。服用AI類藥物雖然不會(huì)增加以上風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但是會(huì)導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)疼痛和骨質(zhì)流失。有研究指出,病人內(nèi)分泌治療副反應(yīng)包括關(guān)節(jié)肌肉疼痛、潮熱、陰道流血、陰道干燥、性欲減退、體重增加、脫發(fā)、更年期癥狀、子宮內(nèi)膜增厚、食欲缺乏、惡心嘔吐、高血壓和有患子宮內(nèi)膜癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等[13,19,25,29-31,33,35-37]。乳腺癌內(nèi)分泌干預(yù)的重點(diǎn)是對(duì)副反應(yīng)和并發(fā)癥的管理,這有可能極大地提高病人生活質(zhì)量[38]。專科醫(yī)護(hù)人員或內(nèi)分泌治療咨詢師應(yīng)定時(shí)詢問(wèn)病人是否在服藥期間有服藥困擾或藥物副反應(yīng)的表現(xiàn),并加以持續(xù)關(guān)注。對(duì)于集中出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題,可以利用大型病人宣教講座請(qǐng)相關(guān)科室專家講解答疑,給予藥物或非藥物性的干預(yù),解除病人服藥時(shí)的擔(dān)憂和顧慮,以改善依從性差的病人的服藥率[39]。
另有文獻(xiàn)提出TAM與AI聯(lián)合用藥的依從性好于 AI單一用藥[7,15,18],病人使用 AI藥物方案的內(nèi)分泌治療依從性好于 Tam 方案[14,15,18,20]。
3.2.3 社會(huì)支持因素
3.2.3.1 家庭支持 2012年 Wigertz等[28]在對(duì)1 741例病人經(jīng)過(guò)3年醫(yī)療記錄統(tǒng)計(jì)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)婚姻狀況同樣是影響藥物治療依從性的因素;未婚或獨(dú)居的病人藥物治療不依從的概率更高,家庭成員在服藥期間的支持和鼓勵(lì)會(huì)提高依從性[14,21,24]。
3.2.3.2 醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)支持 醫(yī)患關(guān)系在影響病人服藥依從性中發(fā)揮著重要作用,有研究報(bào)道顯示,一個(gè)好的內(nèi)分泌治療隨訪醫(yī)生作為態(tài)度積極的、長(zhǎng)期的衛(wèi)生保健知識(shí)提供者,會(huì)是影響依從性改善的重要因素[26,30,32,40-42]。2014 年 Arriola等[42]的 研 究 指 出,內(nèi)分泌治療的隨訪人員應(yīng)該具有較高的溝通能力和觀察能力,讓病人能夠了解內(nèi)分泌治療的相關(guān)知識(shí)和重要性,以便提高病人服藥依從情況;還有研究表明過(guò)于頻繁的隨訪,會(huì)增加病人對(duì)副反應(yīng)擔(dān)憂,反而可能會(huì)降低依從性。此外,Guth等[19]在2012年對(duì)685例乳腺癌內(nèi)分泌治療的研究中認(rèn)為,乳腺專科醫(yī)生和護(hù)士的干預(yù)效果好于全科醫(yī)護(hù)人員。由于腫瘤專科醫(yī)生對(duì)乳腺癌的綜合治療比非腫瘤專科醫(yī)生更了解,在藥物出現(xiàn)毒副反應(yīng)或耐藥時(shí)能更好進(jìn)行處理,及時(shí)進(jìn)行治療,從而更好地達(dá)到治療預(yù)期效果[18-20,24]。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)乳腺癌病人接受到足夠的醫(yī)療支持時(shí),更有可能堅(jiān)持服藥方案[43]。在以病人為中心的醫(yī)療保健服務(wù)中,護(hù)士在解決病人依從性不良上起著關(guān)鍵的作用和積極的影響,護(hù)士可以全程參與和支持病人的內(nèi)分泌治療,幫助病人做好藥物副反應(yīng)的癥狀管理[44],提高病人對(duì)并發(fā)癥的自我管理能力,促進(jìn)醫(yī)患關(guān)系,幫助病人增強(qiáng)服藥信念,解決健忘現(xiàn)象或緩解病人服藥過(guò)程中的消沉、抑郁情緒,并鼓勵(lì)定期按時(shí)隨訪[45,46]。
3.2.3.3 信息系統(tǒng)支持和其他 研究表明,運(yùn)用現(xiàn)代移動(dòng)科技改變傳統(tǒng)干預(yù)方式,有可能會(huì)改善干預(yù)結(jié)果[47-49]。隨著手機(jī)功能的提升和應(yīng)用軟件大量開(kāi)發(fā),使用移動(dòng)電話和移動(dòng)設(shè)備能夠使干預(yù)成本大幅下降,同時(shí)操作簡(jiǎn)易、可行性高。例如,短信提醒會(huì)非常簡(jiǎn)便地幫助病人克服漏服藥物的現(xiàn)象,同時(shí)遠(yuǎn)程對(duì)病人開(kāi)展健康教育,既免除了來(lái)院咨詢的費(fèi)用和舟車勞頓,又能改善病人知識(shí)缺乏的情況,減輕病人經(jīng)濟(jì)和心理負(fù)擔(dān)。由護(hù)士或其他醫(yī)療專業(yè)人士運(yùn)用電子設(shè)備干預(yù)可以被視為一種新興的低成本的高效方式[50]。另外一些簡(jiǎn)單的小物件,提高病人攜帶興趣也會(huì)對(duì)提高依從性有效。比如周劑量小藥盒是在國(guó)外經(jīng)常被使用的,藥盒分為七小盒,每小盒裝有一整天服藥劑量,用來(lái)促進(jìn)病人養(yǎng)成長(zhǎng)期按時(shí)、按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劑量服藥的習(xí)慣。
盡管大量臨床數(shù)據(jù)證明Tam和AI類藥物對(duì)乳腺癌治療有益,但是許多乳腺癌病人并未按照醫(yī)囑劑量和時(shí)間用藥,表現(xiàn)出內(nèi)分泌治療依從性逐年降低。不依從的原因是多方面的,但很多因素(如醫(yī)患/護(hù)患關(guān)系、健忘、對(duì)副反應(yīng)的恐懼、經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)、病人缺乏服藥信念和相關(guān)知識(shí)等)是能夠通過(guò)護(hù)理干預(yù)方式得到改善的。目前,國(guó)內(nèi)外尚缺乏系統(tǒng)的、完整的、有效提高內(nèi)分泌治療依從性的護(hù)理干預(yù)方案。針對(duì)我國(guó)乳腺癌內(nèi)分泌治療病人的依從性現(xiàn)狀,護(hù)理人員有必要根據(jù)健康行為相關(guān)理論,對(duì)進(jìn)行內(nèi)分泌治療的乳腺癌病人進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的、有針對(duì)性的護(hù)理干預(yù),建立并評(píng)估乳腺癌病人內(nèi)分泌治療依從性干預(yù)和治療后隨訪管理模型,建立標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化流程,以提高病人內(nèi)分泌治療的依從性,使病人切實(shí)從內(nèi)分泌治療中受益,延長(zhǎng)病人的生存時(shí)間,并改善病人的生活質(zhì)量。
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