新形勢(shì)下進(jìn)一步改革完善生育保險(xiǎn)制度探討*

張永英 李線玲

（1.2.全國(guó)婦聯(lián) 婦女研究所，北京 100730）

新形勢(shì)下進(jìn)一步改革完善生育保險(xiǎn)制度探討*

張永英1李線玲2

（1.2.全國(guó)婦聯(lián) 婦女研究所，北京 100730）

生育保險(xiǎn)；生育政策；性別歧視；婦女

生育保險(xiǎn)制度的建立和完善，不但是國(guó)家對(duì)婦女生育社會(huì)價(jià)值的肯定，也是均衡用人單位生育負(fù)擔(dān)，預(yù)防就業(yè)性別歧視、促進(jìn)公平就業(yè)的制度保障。經(jīng)濟(jì)新常態(tài)、生育政策調(diào)整完善和國(guó)家對(duì)性別平等的堅(jiān)定政治意愿，使生育保險(xiǎn)制度面臨機(jī)遇與挑戰(zhàn)并存的局面。生育保險(xiǎn)制度實(shí)施中存在覆蓋面較窄、各地生育保險(xiǎn)待遇差距較大、生育保險(xiǎn)基金來(lái)源單一、男性責(zé)任和權(quán)利沒有得到充分體現(xiàn)等問(wèn)題。建議將生育保險(xiǎn)作為獨(dú)立險(xiǎn)種，規(guī)范生育保險(xiǎn)待遇的基本內(nèi)容，提高統(tǒng)籌層次，擴(kuò)大覆蓋面，政府為生育保險(xiǎn)基金托底。

Abatracts：The establishment and improvement of the maternity insurance suggests not only government's recognition of the social value of women's fertility but also systemic protection of balancing employers'responsibility for maternity,preventing gender based discrimination in employment,and promoting fair employment opportunities.New economic conditions,the newly improved family planning policy and government's political will for achieving gender equality have opened up both opportunities and challenges to the maternity insurance system.This system faces with the following issues in implementation:limited coverage,large gaps existing in maternity benefits among provinces,single source of maternity insurance fund and lack of reflection of men's responsibility and rights.This paper recommends that the government be the guarantor of the maternity insurance fund so as to increase the level of its social pooling and its coverage,while making it an independent insurance and defining its basic benefits.

生育保險(xiǎn)制度是在生育事件發(fā)生期間對(duì)生育責(zé)任承擔(dān)者給予收入補(bǔ)償、醫(yī)療服務(wù)和生育休假的一種社會(huì)保障制度。中國(guó)在20世紀(jì)50年代就建立了生育保險(xiǎn)制度，特別是20世紀(jì)80年代末以來(lái)，生育保險(xiǎn)制度逐步探索建立和完善，生育保險(xiǎn)參保人數(shù)和生育保險(xiǎn)待遇享受人數(shù)不斷增加，成為具有中國(guó)特色的保障婦女生育和就業(yè)權(quán)利的一項(xiàng)重要公共政策。截至2014年底，全國(guó)生育保險(xiǎn)參保人數(shù)達(dá)到

17039萬(wàn)人，比2009年增加6163萬(wàn)人，年平均增長(zhǎng)9.4%。2014年，享受各項(xiàng)生育保險(xiǎn)待遇共613萬(wàn)人次，比2009年增加439萬(wàn)人次，年平均增長(zhǎng)28.6%；全國(guó)人均生育待遇支出為14457元，比2009年增加5898元，年平均增長(zhǎng)11.1%[1]。

在經(jīng)濟(jì)新常態(tài)和生育政策調(diào)整完善的背景下，生育保險(xiǎn)制度亟待改革和完善。……