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竹葉中黃酮類化合物豐度的文獻(xiàn)調(diào)研

2015-01-09 05:07:14楚秉泉龐美蓉
關(guān)鍵詞:黃酮

楚秉泉,龐美蓉,張 英

浙江大學(xué)生物系統(tǒng)工程與食品科學(xué)學(xué)院 馥莉食品研究院 浙江省農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工技術(shù)研究重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 浙江省食品加工技術(shù)與裝備工程中心,杭州 310058

竹為禾本科(Gramineae)竹亞科(Bambusoideae Nees)多年生草本植物,全世界約有70 多屬、1200多種。全球竹林總面積達(dá)2200 萬(wàn)公頃,主要分布在亞洲、拉丁美洲、非洲等地[1]。我國(guó)擁有世界上最豐富的竹類資源和最為悠久的竹文化史,素有“竹子王國(guó)”之稱。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),我國(guó)竹類資源有39 屬、500余種,竹林面積約為720 萬(wàn)公頃,主要分布在閩浙、兩廣及云貴川等地區(qū)[2]。

(淡)竹葉在我國(guó)具有悠久的藥用和食用歷史。近20年來(lái),竹葉有效成分及其生物學(xué)功效的研究和開(kāi)發(fā)正成為一個(gè)熱點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域。大量的研究表明,竹葉提取物含有豐富的黃酮、酚酸、內(nèi)酯、蒽醌、多糖、特種氨基酸等生物活性成分[3,4],具有抗氧化[5-8]、抑菌[8-12]、抗衰老[13,14]、調(diào)節(jié)血脂[15,16]、保護(hù)心腦血管[17]、抗抑郁[18]、抑制食品內(nèi)源性化學(xué)污染物[19]等多重功效。2002年(淡)竹葉被衛(wèi)生部列入“既可用于食品也可用于藥品的物品”名單,以竹葉提取物為主成分的功能性食品、飲品、保健品、日化產(chǎn)品不斷涌現(xiàn)。早在2004年,竹葉抗氧化物被批準(zhǔn)列入《中華人民共和國(guó)食品添加劑使用衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(國(guó)標(biāo)GB-2760),最近(2013年底)國(guó)家食品安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)《食品添加劑 竹葉抗氧化物》通過(guò)審定。一旦此國(guó)標(biāo)正式頒發(fā),無(wú)疑將迎來(lái)一個(gè)竹葉資源開(kāi)發(fā)利用的新高潮。

黃酮類化合物是竹葉中最具代表性的活性組分[2],特征性成分為竹葉碳苷黃酮[20-23],如葒草苷(Orientin)、異葒草苷(Isoorientin)、牡荊苷(Vitexin)和異牡荊苷(Isovitexin)等[2,24]。目前,測(cè)定竹葉總黃酮含量的方法主要采用分光光度法,通常采用硝酸鋁-亞硝酸鈉比色法、以蘆丁為對(duì)照品[35-44];測(cè)定竹葉碳苷黃酮含量的方法則多采用反相高效液相色譜法 (RP-HPLC) 以及高效薄層色譜法(HPTLC)[3,30,31]。本文綜述了自1994~2013年間國(guó)內(nèi)外公開(kāi)發(fā)表的58 篇文獻(xiàn),對(duì)涉及竹亞科18 個(gè)屬、91 種竹葉的黃酮類化合物含量水平進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,以期為竹葉黃酮的開(kāi)發(fā)利用提供幫助和指導(dǎo)。

1 材料與方法

作者研讀了近20年來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)外有關(guān)竹子有效成分研究的文獻(xiàn)894 篇,其中包括SCI 收錄的英文文獻(xiàn)149 篇、中文文獻(xiàn)745 篇,并對(duì)檢測(cè)方法欠妥或有明顯錯(cuò)誤的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行剔除,最終選出了有關(guān)竹葉黃酮含量研究的文獻(xiàn)58 篇。九成以上發(fā)表于2000年以后,涉及竹亞科(Bambusoideae Nees)的18 個(gè)屬、91 個(gè)種(詳見(jiàn)表1)。表1 中屬和種的拉丁名均參考《中國(guó)竹類植物圖志》[25],但個(gè)別竹種由于該圖志中未收錄,故采用原文獻(xiàn)中的拉丁名,如爛頭苦竹(Pleioblastus sp.)[26]等。

表1 竹葉黃酮研究所涉的竹種Table 1 Bamboo species related with bamboo-leaf-flavonoid studies

從表1 可見(jiàn),竹葉黃酮研究涉及較多的竹種依次為箣竹屬(Bambusa Retz.corr.Schreber)、剛竹屬(Phyllostachys Sieb.et Zucc.)、大明竹屬(Pleioblastus Nakai)和箬竹屬(Indocalamus Nakai)的品種,如箣竹屬(Bambusa Retz.corr.Schreber)有27 個(gè)竹種、剛竹屬(Phyllostachys Sieb.et Zucc.)有17 個(gè)竹種、大明竹屬(Pleioblastus Nakai)和箬竹屬(Indocalamus Nakai)分別有14 個(gè)和8 個(gè)竹種被報(bào)道;而巴山木竹屬(Bashania Keng f.et Yi)、筱竹(Thamnocalamus Munro)、唐竹屬(Sinobambusa Makino ex Nakai)和井岡寒竹屬(Gelidocalamus Wen)等則僅有個(gè)別種出現(xiàn)。除了竹林的分布、葉片的大小、采樣的難易程度等因素的局限外,對(duì)不同地區(qū)、不同竹種開(kāi)發(fā)價(jià)值的期待也會(huì)影響研究工作的傾向性。

除了對(duì)竹葉總黃酮含量進(jìn)行梳理外,本文還分析了竹葉中主要黃酮類化合物的含量數(shù)據(jù),包括葒草苷、異葒草苷、牡荊苷、異牡荊苷、槲皮素(Quercetin)、苜蓿素(Tricin)、蘆丁(Rutin)和木犀草素(Luteolin)(結(jié)構(gòu)如圖1 所示)。

幾乎所有公開(kāi)發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)中,用于分析測(cè)試的竹葉試樣均為干燥粉末,鮮葉的干燥方法略有差異。竹葉黃酮的提取多采用乙醇-水溶液、超聲輔助提取和熱回流提取等,但乙醇濃度、提取時(shí)間、提取功率、提取溫度等則存在較大差異[26-29]。總黃酮含量測(cè)定多以蘆丁為對(duì)照品,采用硝酸鋁-亞硝酸鈉比色法測(cè)定,黃酮類化合物含量的測(cè)定多采用反相高效液相色譜法(RP-HPLC),也有部分文獻(xiàn)采用高效薄層色譜法(HPTLC)[3,30,31]。

本文在數(shù)據(jù)匯總處理中,未考慮立竹條件、采樣季節(jié)、樣品預(yù)處理、提取和測(cè)定方法等因素差異。每篇文獻(xiàn)所報(bào)道的單個(gè)竹種的竹葉黃酮含量數(shù)據(jù)的均值即作為一個(gè)有效樣本數(shù)。對(duì)于同一作者的學(xué)位論文及其發(fā)表的學(xué)術(shù)論文中的相同數(shù)據(jù)不重復(fù)統(tǒng)計(jì)與分析;部分文獻(xiàn)將竹類的老葉與新葉、上部葉與下部葉分開(kāi)測(cè)定,本文將其合并處理分析;少量文獻(xiàn)將同一品種的葉樣按不同竹齡進(jìn)行采集,本文按不同竹齡的樣品個(gè)數(shù)作為有效樣本數(shù)。同時(shí),將不同文獻(xiàn)來(lái)源的竹葉黃酮含量的數(shù)據(jù)單位進(jìn)行統(tǒng)一,均以干竹葉的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)(mg/g)計(jì)。

利用Excel 2010 軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)錄入,采用SPSS 19.0(SPSS Inc.Chicago)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,黃酮含量的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果以5 個(gè)參數(shù)指標(biāo)呈現(xiàn),分別是:平均值(Mean)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(SD)、中值(Median)、含量范圍(Range)和有效樣本個(gè)數(shù)(n)。

2 結(jié)果與討論

統(tǒng)計(jì)分析的數(shù)據(jù)匯總見(jiàn)表2。有關(guān)剛竹屬(Phyllostachys Sieb.et Zucc.)葉片總黃酮的研究最多,本文引用了30 篇文獻(xiàn),有效樣本數(shù)達(dá)45 個(gè);其次對(duì)箬竹屬(Indocalamus Nakai)、大明竹屬(Pleioblastus Nakai)、慈竹屬(Neosinocalamus Keng f.)和箣竹屬(Bambusa Retz.corr.Schreber)也有較多研究,而思簩竹屬(Schizostachyum Nees)、巴山木竹屬(Bashania Keng f.et Yi)、唐竹屬(Sinobambusa Makino ex Nakai)、井岡寒竹屬(Gelidocalamus Wen)和筱竹屬(Thamnocalamus Munro)則均僅有1 篇文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道。同樣,在剛竹屬(Phyllostachys Sieb.et Zucc.)和箬竹屬(Indocalamus Nakai)葉片中,有7 種黃酮類化合物的含量被涉及。

竹葉總黃酮含量除香竹屬(Chimonocalamus Hsueh et Yi)未見(jiàn)報(bào)道外,其余17 個(gè)屬的含量范圍為4.60~25.43 mg/g,其中倭竹屬(Shibataea Makino ex Nakai)含量最高,思簩竹屬(Schizostachyum Nees)最低。而對(duì)于竹葉中黃酮類化合物的研究,共有14 篇文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,涉及12 個(gè)屬(見(jiàn)表2)。檢出的黃酮化合物包括4 種主要的竹葉碳苷黃酮,其中有關(guān)葒草苷的文獻(xiàn)10 篇,涉及6 個(gè)屬,含量變化在0.30(倭竹屬)~0.54 mg/g(赤竹屬)之間;有關(guān)異葒草苷的文獻(xiàn)9 篇,涉及7 個(gè)屬,含量變化在0.16(倭竹屬)~1.39 mg/g(箣竹屬)之間;有關(guān)異牡荊苷的文獻(xiàn)9 篇,涉及6 個(gè)屬,含量變化在0.20(剛竹屬)~0.65 mg/g(箬竹屬)之間;有關(guān)牡荊苷的文獻(xiàn)11 篇,涉及7 個(gè)屬,含量變化在0.06(箣竹屬)~0.65 mg/g(赤竹屬)。且僅在箬竹屬(Indocalamus Nakai)、剛竹屬(Phyllostachys Sieb.et Zucc.)、赤竹屬(Sasa Makino et Shibata)和大明竹屬(Pleioblastus Nakai)中,4 種碳苷黃酮同時(shí)被檢出,含量合計(jì)為1.23(大明竹屬)~2.49 mg/g(箬竹屬)。其它黃酮類化合物如蘆丁、槲皮素、苜蓿素和木犀草素等也有少量報(bào)道,其中,蘆丁在慈竹屬(Neosinocalamus Keng f.)和箣竹屬(Bambusa Retz.corr.Schreber)葉片中含量較豐富,分別為1.64 mg/g 和1.53 mg/g(詳見(jiàn)表2)。

表2 竹葉中黃酮類化合物的含量水平分析(mg/g,以干竹葉計(jì))Table 2 Analysis on flavonoid contents in bamboo leaves(mg/g·d.w)

剛竹屬(Phyllostachys Sieb.et Zucc.)的代表種毛竹[P.heterocycla var.pubescens (Nazel)Ohwi]是我國(guó)最重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)竹種,約占竹林總面積的70%[59]。關(guān)于毛竹葉黃酮的研究文獻(xiàn)最多,涉及面最廣,數(shù)據(jù)最全,一定程度上反映出科研工作者對(duì)毛竹葉黃酮開(kāi)發(fā)利用的迫切愿望。表2 數(shù)據(jù)顯示,剛竹屬葉片的總黃酮平均含量為16.34 mg/g,四種碳苷黃酮的含量合計(jì)為1.38 mg/g,其中異葒草苷含量最高(0.55 mg/g)。

除剛竹屬(Phyllostachys Sieb.et Zucc.)外,箬竹屬(Indocalamus Nakai)、箣竹屬(Bambusa Retz.corr.Schreber)和大明竹屬(Pleioblastus Nakai)竹葉黃酮的研究文獻(xiàn)較多。其中,箬竹屬(Indocalamus Nakai)葉片中,總黃酮平均含量為17.25 mg/g,高于剛竹屬(Phyllostachys Sieb.et Zucc.),四種碳苷黃酮中也是異葒草苷含量最為豐富(0.84 mg/g),合計(jì)碳苷黃酮總量為2.49 mg/g;箣竹屬(Bambusa Retz.corr.Schreber)葉片中,總黃酮平均含量為16.27 mg/g,與剛竹屬(Phyllostachys Sieb.et Zucc.)接近,值得注意的是,其葉片中異葒草苷和蘆丁的含量處于較高水平,分別為1.39 mg/g 和1.53 mg/g,但葒草苷含量未見(jiàn)報(bào)道;大明竹屬(Pleioblastus Nakai)葉片中,總黃酮平均含量為12.63 mg/g,低于剛竹屬(Phyllostachys Sieb.et Zucc.),四種碳苷黃酮總量為1.23 mg/g,其中葒草苷最高(0.41 mg/g)。

表2 數(shù)據(jù)還顯示,竹亞科不同屬間竹葉黃酮的含量范圍波動(dòng)大,差距可達(dá)數(shù)十倍。除了種間差異帶來(lái)的遺傳因素外,立竹條件、采樣季節(jié)、鮮葉干燥方式、提取和分析方法等的差異都可能對(duì)結(jié)果造成一定的影響[26-29,72]。

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