梅海文
目前,以“教師命題—學生寫作—教師批改—學生觀看”的作文評改方式導致了學生作文興趣低下、學生無自主評改習慣和能力、作文水平難以提高。教師“重改輕評”的英語作文批改和評價方式使教師耗時費力,學生從中也收效甚微。在課堂講評中,教師未能從知識與技能獲得的過程中培養學生的學習能力,未能從學生的內部發展需要激發學生對于作文點評的共鳴,以致學生對作文的講評無動于衷。在作文講評課上,教師往往對寫得好的學生進行鼓勵,對寫得差的學生進行批評教育,這樣容易使寫得不好的學生心理上容易產生自卑感,覺得自己沒能力寫好,也就不去查找出錯的原因,嚴重挫傷了學生的寫作積極性和信心。
在我的寫作評析課上,我力爭做到突出針對性、運用賞識性、發揮主體性。做到一次講評主要解決某一方面的問題,以積極、正面評價為主,多贊揚亮點,讓學生多改,多互評,培養小組合作學習方式,取得了較好的成效。現以我教授的一節基礎寫作評析課為例,說明具體的課堂教學操作方法。
【寫作內容】
假設你是李華,正在英國伯明翰大學學習,上個星期天去學校圖書館看書時發現以下問題,你用英語寫信向館長Mr. Smith反映:
1. 實用性的書、新書太少;
2. 書架上的書比較混亂;
3. 閱覽室的光線模糊對視力有害;
4. 管理員工作時彼此閑聊。
【寫作要求】
1. 只能使用5個句子表達全部內容;
2. 必須包括所有內容要點,可適當發揮,不要逐句翻譯;
3. 開頭及結尾已給出。(不計入字數)
【評分標準】
句子結構正確,信息內容完整,篇章結構連貫。
教學步驟一:學習評分標準
1.學習基礎寫作評分標準。
2. 呈現不同檔次的作文,讓學生對照評分標準和具體要求,對作文進行評價以及評分。
3. 教師評分示例與給分理由。教師對學生的評價作總結反饋,教師再作示范性分析,指出優點及不足,并給予評分。
4. 根據學到的評分規則,自評和同桌互評,并有針對性地修改。
教學步驟二:指導審題立意
引導學生思考:本文是一篇什么體裁的文章?要點包括哪幾個方面?該如何選擇時態?然后以輪換的方式進行互評,指出文體及篇章結構等方面的不足。
教學步驟三:糾正錯誤,嘗試歸類
1. 我摘錄了學生習作中普遍性和典型性的錯誤,按詞匯、時態語態、句子結構錯誤等方面進行歸類,并將其打印在講義學案上,最后由學生訂正錯誤并分析原因,我適當給予指導和反饋。
學生習作中的典型錯誤分類如下:
(1)詞匯錯誤
①單詞拼寫錯誤
pratical→practical,usely/used→useful,librarier→librarian,
eyesign→eyesight,alway→always,read room→reading-room
②詞性、詞義的誤解誤用
The books on the bookshelves are in confusion.
The books on the bookshelves are very mixed.
The books on the bookshelves are disorder.
③固定搭配的錯誤
The light in the reading room is so dark that it is bad at our eyes. (應把at改為for)
The librarians always talk about each other when they are working. (應把about改為with)
The light is not bright enough so that it does harm for our eyes. (應把for改為to)
(2)一致性原則方面的錯誤
①名詞的單復數一致
There are few useful book and new book in our library. (應把兩個book改為books)
②主謂一致
The books is out of order on the bookshelves. (應把is改為are)
③時態一致
The librarians chatted with each other while they are working. (應把are改為 were或chatted改為chat)
(3)連詞方面的錯誤
Because the books on the bookshelves are in a mess,so the readers take a long time to find what they need. (應去掉because或 so)
Although there are some practical and new books in the library,but they cant satisfy the readers need. (應去掉although 或but)
(4)錯用一些高級句型
So dim the light in the reading room is that it does harm to readerseyes.(應改為: So dim is the light in the reading room that it does harm to readers eyes.)
The books being in a mess,so it is difficult for readers to find the books they want.(應改為: The books being in a mess,it is difficult for readers to find the books they want.)
(5)中式思維的句子
The practical books and new books are too few.
Our library has very few practical and new books.
2. 學生修改完句子錯誤后,我讓他們在小組內交流修改的情況,并對不同意見以及未能做出修改的句子展開討論。
3. 小組派代表匯報修改意見。我就同一個意義向學生征求多種表達方式,以激發學生的發散性思維。
教學步驟四:美句欣賞
1.我摘錄學生習作中的精彩詞句,注明其撰寫者,將其打印在講義學案上,然后師生共同分析佳句。通過課堂展示佳句,寫出佳句的學生有了成就感,其他學生也會產生羨慕的心理,暗下決心要多嘗試模仿,以提高寫作質量。
(1)讓學生對比和欣賞用詞的精確之美
There are not many practical and new books enough for reading.(曹志敏)
There are not many practical and newly-published books in the library.(梁瑩)
(2)讓學生對比和欣賞語言的多變之美
The books on the bookshelves are out of order so that it is difficult for us to find the books we want.(陳木榮)
The books on the bookshelves are upside down so that it is difficult for us to find the books we want.(周鴻飛)
The books on the bookshelves are in a mess,which makes it for readers to find what they want.(黃曉津)
The books on the bookshelves are not sorted in a proper order,making it difficult for readers to find what they want.(潘曉丹)
(3)讓學生欣賞語言的結構之美
The light in the reading room is so dark that it is bad for readerseyesight.(唐熳)
So dim is the light in the reading room that it is harmful to readerseyes. (吳麗)
The books on the bookshelves are in a mess,which makes it for readers to find what they want.(黃曉津)
The books on the bookshelves are not sorted in a proper order,making it difficult for readers to find what they want.(潘曉丹)
2. 學生將同學寫出的優美詞句與自己的相應表達進行對比,以體會高級詞匯和較復雜句子結構的使用。
3. 我解釋高級詞匯和較復雜句子結構的用法并舉例鞏固,鼓勵學生在以后的寫作中盡量借鑒和運用優秀習作中的優美詞句,變他人的知識為自己的知識。
教學步驟五:銜接過渡
我設計挖空學生的一篇優秀作文,讓學生小組探討給文章加上適當的連接語,讓學生明白銜接語使得作文語意更連貫,表述更自然。
Dear Mr. Smith,
I am writing this letter to reflect some problems that I found in our library last Sunday._________,there are few new and practical books on the shelves,and most books are not popular today._______,some books are not sorted in a proper order,making it difficult for readers to find what they want quickly._______,the assistants didnt offer good services.________,they always chat with each other while working. ______,poor light in the reading room has a greatly bad effect on readerseyes. _____,for the sake of readers,I hope that you consider these problems and make some improvements.
Yours
Li Hua
教學步驟六:展示和分析學生優秀作文
1. 將優秀的學生習作復印在講義學案上,讓學生閱讀,以讀促評。
2. 學生閱讀以上范文后,我要求各小組討論該篇習作能得高分的原因,然后各小組派代表發表看法和體會。
S1:這篇作文用詞的準確性很好,如practical,sorted,poor.
S2:作文中的銜接語運用得當,使得文章語意連貫,如to start with,next,in addition,instead,finally.
S3:作文中使用了現在分詞作結果狀語,如Next,some books are not sorted in a proper order,making it difficult for readers to find what they want quickly.
S4:作文中使用了省略句,如Instead,they always have a chat with each other while working.
3. 讓學生欣賞范文。
4. 教師總結增強書面表達效果的技巧。
教學步驟七:鞏固訓練
設計一道與評析作文相似的題目,由學生當堂練習完成。
責任編輯 魏文琦