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[摘要] 目的 研究FTO基因多態性與肥胖兒童代謝組分相關性。方法 選擇年齡6~17歲間的599名兒童,檢測FTO基因常見的單核苷酸多態性(rs1421085、rs17817449、rs8050136、rs3751812和rs9939609)基因型,分析與肥胖代謝組分的關聯性。 結果 ①肥胖兒童代謝組分與對照組有顯著差異;②FTO SNPs的等位基因頻率與基因型分布存在顯著差異。5個FTO SNP突變型是兒童發生肥胖的危險因素;③多變量、Logistic 回歸分析發現5個FTO單核苷酸多態性均與高收縮壓有關。rs3751812、rs8050136與 LDL-C、HOMA-IR相關。 結論 FTO基因SNPs與兒童肥胖和高血壓有關。rs3751812 和 rs8050136與胰島素抵抗及血清LDL水平升高有關。
[關鍵字] FTO;基因;肥胖;胰島素抵抗;兒童
[中圖分類號] R723.14 [文獻標識碼] B [文章編號] 1673-9701(2014)26-0024-04
肥胖已成為主要的公共健康問題。在過去10年里,兒童肥胖在我國迅速流行,兒童超重和肥胖的發生率從19.1%增加到32.6%[1,2]。肥胖病因復雜,目前認為基因在肥胖的發生中起著重要作用,基因與環境因素相互作用導致肥胖的發生和發展。肥胖基因FTO(the fat mass and obesity associated gene, FTO)位于16 q12.2,含有9個外顯子,在下丘腦高度表達,在控制能量平衡、核酸脫甲基化和人體脂肪調節方面有重要作用[3]。研究表明FTO基因單核酸多態性(SNP)與高BMI及其他代謝相關組分有關[4-6]。但是,關于FTO基因多態性和肥胖危險性的Meta分析表明FTO基因可能呈現肥胖相關易感基因的低外顯率,同時需要大樣本研究來進一步評估肥胖和多態性在各民族中的相關性。因此,我們對599名6~17歲兒童青少年FTO基因多態性(rs1421085、rs17817449、rs8050136、 rs3751812和rs9939609)進行基因分型及與代謝組分相關研究,從而探索FTO基因多態性與兒童肥胖及代謝組分的關聯性。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
肥胖組:405例肥胖兒童,其中298例男孩、107例女孩,平均年齡(10.95±2.76)歲,根據其體重指數(BMI)超過同年齡、同性別第95百分值判定為肥胖者[7]。對照組:194例健康非肥胖兒童,其中男149例,女45例,平均年齡(10.95±2.76)歲,其BMI在同年齡、同性別第25至第75百分值之間。入選對象來自于2010~2013年兩家醫院,本研究獲得研究對象的父母同意,并獲得醫院醫學倫理委員會的批準。
1.2形體測量學指標及血壓測量
由經過統一培訓的專業人員測量所有對象的體重、身高[7]。血壓測量采用汞柱式標準袖帶血壓計,取坐位至少休息5 min以上測量右上臂收縮壓(SBP)與舒張壓(DBP),取2次測定平均值。
1.3生化指標檢測
抽取所有調查對象清晨空腹靜脈血,分離血清,測定血糖(FBG)、甘油三酯(TG)、總膽固醇(TC)和高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)。并根據TC-HDL來計算non-HDL。計算穩態模型胰島素抵抗指數:HOMA-IR=FINS × FPG/22.5。另每人抽取2 mL枸櫞酸鈉抗凝血用axyprep全血基因組DNA提取試劑盒抽提外周血DNA基因,標本-80℃條件下保存,用于單核苷酸多樣性基因型分析。
1.4基因分析
我們使用MassARRAY(Sequenom, San Diego, CA)平臺對FTO基因單核苷酸多態性(rs1421085、rs17817449、rs8050136、rs3751812和rs9939609)進行基因型分型檢測[8]。
1.5統計學分析
使用SPSS17.0統計學軟件進行相關數據分析。SNP的Hardy-Weinberg平衡用Fishers精確檢驗。計量變量表現為均數±標準差(SD),組間差異由Student's t-test 分析。分類變量以百分比形式表現,使用χ2檢驗分析。年齡、性別和BMI等混雜因素通過多變量分析調整。Logistic 回歸分析來計算FTO SNP基因型肥胖危險因素OR值及其95%CI。Haploview 4.2 軟件對人群單倍型頻率進行評估與檢驗。P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2結果
2.1兩組各參數比較
肥胖組與對照組間除性別、年齡無統計學差異外,BMI、BMI-Z值、收縮壓、舒張壓、總膽固醇、甘油三酯、非高密度脂蛋白膽固醇、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇、空腹血糖和HOMA-IR等指標兩組間比較,差異有高度統計學意義(P<0.01)。
2.2兩組FTO 5個SNP等位基因及基因型分布頻率比較
分病例組及對照組FTO SNPs均遵守Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律(P>0.05)。FTO基因rs1421085、rs17817449、rs8050136、rs3751812和rs9939609等位基因頻率與基因型肥胖兒童與對照組兒童比較差異有統計學意義(P<0.01)。
2.3 5個FTO SNP 不同基因型間肥胖相關代謝組分比較
FTO SNPs基因型與肥胖代謝組分關聯分析發現在調整年齡、性別和BMI-Z評分這些混雜因素后,5個SNP基因突變型攜帶者較野生型攜帶者更易出現收縮壓升高(P<0.05)。rs3751812和rs8050136基因型與LDL-C、HOMA-IR有密切相關性。
2.4 5個FTO SNP與肥胖代謝組分(包括DBP、TC、TG、HDL-C、non-HDL-C、FPG)無相關性endprint
SNPs基因型與兒童肥胖關聯分析中,發現攜帶有FTO基因突變型兒童更易發生肥胖(rs1421085,OR=1.980,95%CI:1.317~2.916; rs17817449,OR=2.011, 95%CI:1.333~3.034;rs8050136,OR=1.925,95%CI:1.285~2.885;rs3751812,OR=1.911,95%CI:1.275~2.864;rs9939609,OR=1.930,95%CI:1.283~2.904)。
3 討論
隨著生活水平的不斷上升,肥胖兒童的數量近年來呈快速增長的趨勢,由此而引發的大量與肥胖相關的代謝性疾病已經成為不可忽視的問題。為預防肥胖和代謝性疾病的發生,早期對這一問題進行干預變得十分必要。對肥胖兒童進行易感基因的檢測較少受到其他混雜因素的影響,能更加真實地反映肥胖和基因的關聯性。2007年Frayling等在歐洲人群中發現,FTO基因的第一個內含子序列(長度為47 kb)中以~9939609為代表的10個單核苷酸多態性(SNp)可能與肥胖有關。rs9939609的A等位基因為風險基因,具有該風險基因的純合子人群與無此風險基因的人群相比,平均體重高出3 kg,患肥胖癥的風險高出1.67倍。FTO基因變異與兒童肥胖癥密切相關[9],該基因分布于下丘腦,參與機體的飲食調節,在FTO參與蛋白質表達方面,經研究發現,FTO的蛋白空間結構與通過去除一個甲基團修復DNA的酶及其相似,FTO基因編碼形成2-氧戊二酸鹽核苷酸去甲基酶,包含與Fe2+以及2-酮戊二酸依賴的加氧酶相同的基序,能夠使DNA去甲基化。FTO SNP rs1421085、rs17817449, rs8050136、rs3751812 及 rs9939609高度連鎖,研究發現我國兒童BMI指數與這5個單核苷酸多態性高度相關。進一步支持了該區域變異可能促進肥胖的發展。FTO基因變異影響BMI及肥胖代謝組分的機制尚不明確。據報道,攜帶危險等位基因的個體更可能選擇高能量食物[10],研究發現FTO基因與兒童及青少年暴飲暴食的生活習慣有關[11],FTO基因主要存在于管理能量平衡的下丘腦核群,其rs9939609多態性通過影響能量穩態來調節肥胖,可引起食欲增加而提高能量攝取,近年來研究表明,該分子可能系能量平衡調節的重要分子開關。此外亦有研究顯示FFO基因的內含子可通過編碼轉錄因子CUTL1的結合位點,調控FTO基因的表達,其具體功能尚待進一步研究。
國內對FTO SNP的研究主要集中在rs9939609與肥胖的相關性研究,有研究發現其與肥胖相關[4,12-15],亦有未發現rs9939609 基因變異與肥胖代謝組分存在聯系[16,17]。我們的研究證實FTO 5個SNP與兒童肥胖相關,攜帶有突變型的兒童更容易發生肥胖,進一步發現,FTO基因變異者(rs17817449、rs8050136、rs3751812及rs9939609)更易出現收縮壓升高。國內學者曾對3077位中國兒童(6~18歲,包括619位高血壓病例組和2458位正常血壓對照組)進行基因分析,發現 FTO 基因中rs9939609與高血壓有著顯著聯系(OR=1.35,95%CI 1.12~1.62,P=0.001)[18]。由此可見,肥胖兒童攜有rs9939609突變基因型更易患高血壓。Pausova等提出了FTO危險等位基因可能通過交感縮血管緊張效應增高血壓,并在485位12~18歲青少年發現FTO危險等位基因,進一步在198名18~71歲的白種人中得到證實[19]。高血壓、脂代謝紊亂是兒童肥胖的常見代謝異常并發癥,亦是兒童代謝綜合征的主要組成成分,而胰島素抵抗是肥胖、高血壓、代謝綜合征的重要病理基礎,我們研究發現rs3751812和 rs8050136與LDL-C和 HOMA-IR 有顯著關系,表明FTO 基因多態性在肥胖兒童高血壓、脂代謝紊亂、胰島素抵抗的發病中起著一定的調控作用。
綜上,本研究結果表明FTO基因變異與兒童肥胖及代謝組分相關,其中常見的rs1421085、rs17817449、 rs8050136、rs3751812及rs9939609等5個突變型SNPs是兒童肥胖及高血壓的危險因素。FTO基因多態性(rs3751812和rs8050136)與胰島素抵抗和高LDL水平存在聯系。今后我們可對兒童的FTO 基因多態性進行分型檢測,及早發現肥胖及代謝組分異常的易感人群,盡早采取干預措施,從而預防肥胖的發生、發展。
[參考文獻]
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[7] 陳雪峰,梁黎,傅君芬,等. 中國兒童青少年形體測量學參數調查[J]. 中華流行病學雜志,2012,33(5): 449-454.
[8] Zou CC,Huang K,Liang L,et al. Polymorphisms of the ghrelin/obestatin gene and ghrelin levels in Chinese children with short stature[J]. Clin Endocrinol(Oxf),2008,69(1):99-104.
[9] Frayling TM,Timpson NJ,Weedon MN,et al. A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity[J]. Science,2007,316(5826):889-894.
[10] Cecil JE,Tavendale R,Watt P,et al. An obesity-associated FTO gene variant and increased energy intake in children[J]. N Engl J Med,2008,359(24):2558-2566.
[11] Tanofsky-Kraff M,Han JC,Anandalingam K,et al. The FTO gene rs9939609 obesity-risk allele and loss of control over eating[J]. Am J Clin Nutr,2009,90(6):1483-1488.
[12] Wang J,Mei H,Chen W,et al. Study of eight GWAS-identified common variants for association with obesity-related indices in Chinese children at puberty[J]. Int J Obes (Lond),2012,36(4):542-547.
[13] Chang YC,Liu PH,Lee WJ,et al. Common variation in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene confers risk of obesity and modulates BMI in the Chinese population[J]. Diabetes,2008,57(8):2245-2252.
[14] Cheung CY,Tso AW,Cheung BM,et al. Obesity susceptibility genetic variants identified from recent genome-wide association studies:Implications in a Chinese population[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2010,95(3):1395-1403.
[15] Fang H,Li Y,Du S,et al. Variant rs9939609 in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index among Chinese children[J]. BMC Med Genet,2010,11(9):136.
[16] Yan Q,Hong J,Gu W,et al. Association of the common rs9939609 variant of FTO gene with polycystic ovary syndrome in Chinese women[J]. Endocrine,2009,36(3):377-382.
[17] Li H,Wu Y,Loos RJ,et al. Variants in the fat mass- and obesity-associated(FTO) gene are not associated with obesity in a Chinese Han population[J]. Diabetes,2008, 57(1):264-268.
[18] Xi B,Zhao X,Shen Y,et al. Associations of obesity susceptibility loci with hypertension in Chinese children[J]. Int J Obes(Lond),2013,37(7):926-930.
[19] Pausova Z,Syme C,Abrahamowicz M,et al. A common variant of the FTO gene is associated with not only increased adiposity but also elevated blood pressure in French Canadians[J]. Circ Cardiovasc Genet,2009,2(3):260-269.
(收稿日期:2014-04-10)endprint
[5] Denzer C. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese children and adolescents[J]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz,2013,56(4):517-527.
[6] Sergeyev E,Wagner I,Neef M,et al. Carbohydrate metabolism disorders among obese children and adolescents. Diabetes mellitus type 2[J]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz,2013,56(4):511-516.
[7] 陳雪峰,梁黎,傅君芬,等. 中國兒童青少年形體測量學參數調查[J]. 中華流行病學雜志,2012,33(5): 449-454.
[8] Zou CC,Huang K,Liang L,et al. Polymorphisms of the ghrelin/obestatin gene and ghrelin levels in Chinese children with short stature[J]. Clin Endocrinol(Oxf),2008,69(1):99-104.
[9] Frayling TM,Timpson NJ,Weedon MN,et al. A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity[J]. Science,2007,316(5826):889-894.
[10] Cecil JE,Tavendale R,Watt P,et al. An obesity-associated FTO gene variant and increased energy intake in children[J]. N Engl J Med,2008,359(24):2558-2566.
[11] Tanofsky-Kraff M,Han JC,Anandalingam K,et al. The FTO gene rs9939609 obesity-risk allele and loss of control over eating[J]. Am J Clin Nutr,2009,90(6):1483-1488.
[12] Wang J,Mei H,Chen W,et al. Study of eight GWAS-identified common variants for association with obesity-related indices in Chinese children at puberty[J]. Int J Obes (Lond),2012,36(4):542-547.
[13] Chang YC,Liu PH,Lee WJ,et al. Common variation in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene confers risk of obesity and modulates BMI in the Chinese population[J]. Diabetes,2008,57(8):2245-2252.
[14] Cheung CY,Tso AW,Cheung BM,et al. Obesity susceptibility genetic variants identified from recent genome-wide association studies:Implications in a Chinese population[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2010,95(3):1395-1403.
[15] Fang H,Li Y,Du S,et al. Variant rs9939609 in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index among Chinese children[J]. BMC Med Genet,2010,11(9):136.
[16] Yan Q,Hong J,Gu W,et al. Association of the common rs9939609 variant of FTO gene with polycystic ovary syndrome in Chinese women[J]. Endocrine,2009,36(3):377-382.
[17] Li H,Wu Y,Loos RJ,et al. Variants in the fat mass- and obesity-associated(FTO) gene are not associated with obesity in a Chinese Han population[J]. Diabetes,2008, 57(1):264-268.
[18] Xi B,Zhao X,Shen Y,et al. Associations of obesity susceptibility loci with hypertension in Chinese children[J]. Int J Obes(Lond),2013,37(7):926-930.
[19] Pausova Z,Syme C,Abrahamowicz M,et al. A common variant of the FTO gene is associated with not only increased adiposity but also elevated blood pressure in French Canadians[J]. Circ Cardiovasc Genet,2009,2(3):260-269.
(收稿日期:2014-04-10)endprint
[5] Denzer C. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese children and adolescents[J]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz,2013,56(4):517-527.
[6] Sergeyev E,Wagner I,Neef M,et al. Carbohydrate metabolism disorders among obese children and adolescents. Diabetes mellitus type 2[J]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz,2013,56(4):511-516.
[7] 陳雪峰,梁黎,傅君芬,等. 中國兒童青少年形體測量學參數調查[J]. 中華流行病學雜志,2012,33(5): 449-454.
[8] Zou CC,Huang K,Liang L,et al. Polymorphisms of the ghrelin/obestatin gene and ghrelin levels in Chinese children with short stature[J]. Clin Endocrinol(Oxf),2008,69(1):99-104.
[9] Frayling TM,Timpson NJ,Weedon MN,et al. A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity[J]. Science,2007,316(5826):889-894.
[10] Cecil JE,Tavendale R,Watt P,et al. An obesity-associated FTO gene variant and increased energy intake in children[J]. N Engl J Med,2008,359(24):2558-2566.
[11] Tanofsky-Kraff M,Han JC,Anandalingam K,et al. The FTO gene rs9939609 obesity-risk allele and loss of control over eating[J]. Am J Clin Nutr,2009,90(6):1483-1488.
[12] Wang J,Mei H,Chen W,et al. Study of eight GWAS-identified common variants for association with obesity-related indices in Chinese children at puberty[J]. Int J Obes (Lond),2012,36(4):542-547.
[13] Chang YC,Liu PH,Lee WJ,et al. Common variation in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene confers risk of obesity and modulates BMI in the Chinese population[J]. Diabetes,2008,57(8):2245-2252.
[14] Cheung CY,Tso AW,Cheung BM,et al. Obesity susceptibility genetic variants identified from recent genome-wide association studies:Implications in a Chinese population[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2010,95(3):1395-1403.
[15] Fang H,Li Y,Du S,et al. Variant rs9939609 in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index among Chinese children[J]. BMC Med Genet,2010,11(9):136.
[16] Yan Q,Hong J,Gu W,et al. Association of the common rs9939609 variant of FTO gene with polycystic ovary syndrome in Chinese women[J]. Endocrine,2009,36(3):377-382.
[17] Li H,Wu Y,Loos RJ,et al. Variants in the fat mass- and obesity-associated(FTO) gene are not associated with obesity in a Chinese Han population[J]. Diabetes,2008, 57(1):264-268.
[18] Xi B,Zhao X,Shen Y,et al. Associations of obesity susceptibility loci with hypertension in Chinese children[J]. Int J Obes(Lond),2013,37(7):926-930.
[19] Pausova Z,Syme C,Abrahamowicz M,et al. A common variant of the FTO gene is associated with not only increased adiposity but also elevated blood pressure in French Canadians[J]. Circ Cardiovasc Genet,2009,2(3):260-269.
(收稿日期:2014-04-10)endprint