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番茄花粉保存與生活力測定

2014-08-07 09:47:32李自娟黃文應芳卿趙建設萬秀娟胡京昂
長江蔬菜·學術版 2014年6期

李自娟+黃文+應芳卿+趙建設+萬秀娟+胡京昂

摘 要:以番茄品種世誠116的花粉為材料,采用亞歷山大染色法測定成熟花粉粒的數量和活力。將番茄花粉分別貯藏在室溫(25℃),4℃和-17℃條件下,測定其活力最強的貯藏溫度和貯藏時間。試驗結果表明,隨著貯藏時間的延長,花粉活力和總萌發數呈下降趨勢,室溫保存當天的花粉活力最強,貯藏3 d花粉活力降為68.60%;4℃冰箱保存

8 d后,花粉活力降為57.00%,保存80 d,花粉總量減少,但其有活力的花粉占花粉總量的58.14%;-17℃冰箱保存

1 d的花粉活力最高,為83.10%,保存28 d時,其花粉活力降為48.79%,保存80 d時,其活力在59.38%。而在卡諾依氏固定液中保存80 d的一組花蕾,其花粉活力仍保持在70.55%。

關鍵詞:番茄;花粉活力;亞歷山大染色法

中圖分類號:S641.2 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:1001-3547(2014)12-0053-02

金項目:河南省現代農業產業技術體系(S2010-03),河南省現代農業大宗蔬菜產業技術體系遺傳育種(番茄)崗位專家(S2013-03-02)

李自娟(1982-),女,碩士,助理研究員,主要從事番茄栽培與育種工作

番茄起源于秘魯和厄瓜多爾,17世紀從意大利傳入中國。番茄屬茄科,是嚴格的自交授粉作物,天然異交率低于5%,染色體數2n=2x=24。成熟的花粉自花藥散發出來,在一定時間內有生活力。在番茄雜交育種實踐中,常存在花期不遇的情況,需收集貯存父本花粉,解決花期不遇難題[1,2]。在番茄有機綠色栽培模式下,用貯存花粉進行人工輔助授粉,可達到綠色天然有機的目的[2,3]。本文針對實際需要,用亞歷山大染色法檢測番茄花粉活力,并設計不同貯藏溫度,找出最佳的貯藏方式和最長的貯藏時間。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗材料

供試番茄品種世誠116,無限生長類型。2013年9月12號定植于日光溫室。

1.2 試驗方法

2013年11月4日10:00左右取花瓣展開成180°的番茄花朵,帶回試驗室收集花粉,檢測花粉活力。不同貯藏條件下,每次檢測取6朵花,測定成熟花粉粒數量和活力。參考Pressman等[4]的花粉收集、染色和花粉數量計數方法。用鑷子從每朵花上取1個花藥,置于有0.5 mL花粉萌發液的離心管中。充分振蕩離心管使花粉粒釋放出來,然后放在25℃的培養箱2 h,并在離心管中滴入1滴亞歷山大染料,充分混勻,萌發液呈紫紅色。混勻后,在離心管中部吸取1滴萌發液,放在細胞計數器載玻片上,在光學顯微鏡下檢查花粉數目,并統計花粉活力,每個花藥取6個視野。亞歷山大染料主要對花粉核酸染色,有活力與無活力的花粉染色后分別呈紫紅色、綠色。統計萌發數,萌發標準為花粉管長度大于花粉直徑[5]。試驗重復5次,取平均數。

染色液配方為乙醇10 mL、1%孔雀石綠溶于95%酒精1 mL、蒸餾水50 mL、甘油25 mL、苯酚

5 g、水合氯醛5 g、1%酸性品紅5 mL、1%橙黃G0.5 mL、冰醋酸1~4 mL。花粉萌發液組成為100 g/L蔗糖、2 mmol的硼酸、2 mmol的硝酸鈣、2 mmol的硫酸鎂、1 mmol的硝酸鉀。卡諾依氏固定液組成為酒精∶氯仿∶乙酸=6∶3∶1[6]。

花粉以花朵形式保存,花朵放在一次性水杯中,每個杯中加入50粒硅膠干燥劑,用密封袋密封。每次測定前先拿出來冷處理15 min。分別儲存在室溫25℃、4℃冰箱和-17℃冰箱中。在貯存第0,1,3,8,17,28,80天時進行觀察記載。

差異顯著性用Excel軟件分析。

2 結果與分析

由表1可知,不同貯藏條件下,隨貯存天數延長,番茄花粉活力和萌發率總體呈逐漸降低趨勢。整體萌發率不高,可能與選擇的萌發培養基及培養時間和溫度有關,有待進一步試驗。室溫貯存3 d,番茄花粉生活力降到68.60%,萌發率降為5.70%,繼續貯存意義不大。4℃冰箱干燥密閉保存8 d后,生活力降為57.00%,萌發率降為1.70%,但貯藏80 d后其生活力略有上升,為58.14%,而萌發率為0。密閉干燥條件下,4℃冰箱中可較長期保存番茄花粉。-17℃冰箱干燥密閉保存17 d時,生活力降為52.97%,萌發率為28.12%。在-17℃環境下,不同貯存時間下,番茄花粉萌發率略高于室溫和4℃貯存條件下。

硅膠干燥、低溫、密封的條件下保存番茄花粉,其呼吸作用被抑制減弱,生活力得以延長。從表1可以看出,4℃和-17℃低溫保存花粉,可較長時間保持較高生活力,延長授粉時間。而在卡諾依氏固定液中保存80 d,花粉活力僅從80.11%降為70.55%,可見,卡諾依氏固定液可用于保存番茄花粉。

3 結論與討論

本文研究了一套亞歷山大法檢測番茄花粉活力的方法,簡便,可靠,簡易試驗室也能操作。總結出番茄花粉室溫貯存最好是采粉當天使用,其最長貯存時間為3 d,繼續貯藏意義不大,影響授粉受精;4℃冰箱貯存最長為8 d,在此期間,貯存時間越短生活力和萌發率越強;-17℃冰箱貯存17 d時花粉活力和萌發率保持在52.97%和28.12%,到28 d活力在48.79%。一般1個月授粉工作可完成。在花粉量少且珍貴的情況下,可貯存在-17℃。利用卡諾依氏固定液保存花粉,可較長時間保存花粉活力。

不同采花時間、不同干燥方式和保存方法下番茄花粉的生活力有待進一步研究,另外,生產中花粉的大量采集、保存、運輸、使用方法及怎么應用于無公害蔬菜還需進一步試驗。

參考文獻

[1] 閆立英,馮志紅,張慎好,等.番茄花粉生活力研究[J].種子,2005(6):23-26.

[2] 劉永慶,田雨南.三種茄果類蔬菜花粉萌發的研究[J].湖南農業大學學報:自然科學版,1992(3):556-564.endprint

[3] 王少先,孫立民.甜瓜花粉的萌發特性[J].洛陽農業高等專科學校學報,1995(2):23-27.

[4] Pressman E, Shaked R, Shen S, et al. Variations in carbohydrate content and sucrose-metabolizing enzymes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) stamen parts during pollen maturation[J]. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2012, 3(2): 252-260.

[5] 趙凌俠,鞠文煥.番茄屬(Lycopersicon)花粉萌發培養基組分的優化[J].東北農業大學學報,2000(2):147-151.

[6] Peterson R, Slovin J P, Chen C B. A simplified method for differential staining of aborted and non-aborted pollen grains[J]. International Journal of Plant Biology, 2010(1): 66-69.

Preservation Methods and Determination of Tomato Pollen Vitality

LI Zijuan, HUANG Wen, YING Fangqing, ZHAO Jianshe, WAN Xiujuan, HU Jing'ang

( Zhengzhou Vegetable Research Institute, 450015 )

Abstract: With the pollens of tomato cultivar Shicheng 116 as material, we observed the quantity and viability of mature pollen grains by using the Alexander staining method, and we stored the tomato pollens at room temperature (25℃), 4℃ and -17℃, aiming to find out the best storage temperature and the longest storage time. In addition, we preserved a group of flower buds in Carnoy's fluid. The results showed that, as the storage time prolonged, the pollen viability and germination numberwere decreased. Stored at room temperature, the pollen viability was the strongest on the first day, and the pollen activity was reduced to 68.60% after three days. Stored at 4℃ in refrigerator, the pollen viability was reduced to 57.00% after the preservation of eight days, and the total amount of pollen was decreased after eighty days' preservation, but the ratio of viable pollens was 58.14%. Stored at -17℃ refrigerator, the pollen vitality was the highest of 83.10% on the first preservation day, and the pollen vitality was reduced to 48.79% after the preservation of twenty eight days, while the the pollen vitality was increased to 59.38% after eighty days' preservation. The pollen vitality was 70.55% after being preserved in the Carnoy's fluid for eighty days.

Key words: Tomato; Pollen vitality; Alexander stainingendprint

[3] 王少先,孫立民.甜瓜花粉的萌發特性[J].洛陽農業高等專科學校學報,1995(2):23-27.

[4] Pressman E, Shaked R, Shen S, et al. Variations in carbohydrate content and sucrose-metabolizing enzymes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) stamen parts during pollen maturation[J]. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2012, 3(2): 252-260.

[5] 趙凌俠,鞠文煥.番茄屬(Lycopersicon)花粉萌發培養基組分的優化[J].東北農業大學學報,2000(2):147-151.

[6] Peterson R, Slovin J P, Chen C B. A simplified method for differential staining of aborted and non-aborted pollen grains[J]. International Journal of Plant Biology, 2010(1): 66-69.

Preservation Methods and Determination of Tomato Pollen Vitality

LI Zijuan, HUANG Wen, YING Fangqing, ZHAO Jianshe, WAN Xiujuan, HU Jing'ang

( Zhengzhou Vegetable Research Institute, 450015 )

Abstract: With the pollens of tomato cultivar Shicheng 116 as material, we observed the quantity and viability of mature pollen grains by using the Alexander staining method, and we stored the tomato pollens at room temperature (25℃), 4℃ and -17℃, aiming to find out the best storage temperature and the longest storage time. In addition, we preserved a group of flower buds in Carnoy's fluid. The results showed that, as the storage time prolonged, the pollen viability and germination numberwere decreased. Stored at room temperature, the pollen viability was the strongest on the first day, and the pollen activity was reduced to 68.60% after three days. Stored at 4℃ in refrigerator, the pollen viability was reduced to 57.00% after the preservation of eight days, and the total amount of pollen was decreased after eighty days' preservation, but the ratio of viable pollens was 58.14%. Stored at -17℃ refrigerator, the pollen vitality was the highest of 83.10% on the first preservation day, and the pollen vitality was reduced to 48.79% after the preservation of twenty eight days, while the the pollen vitality was increased to 59.38% after eighty days' preservation. The pollen vitality was 70.55% after being preserved in the Carnoy's fluid for eighty days.

Key words: Tomato; Pollen vitality; Alexander stainingendprint

[3] 王少先,孫立民.甜瓜花粉的萌發特性[J].洛陽農業高等專科學校學報,1995(2):23-27.

[4] Pressman E, Shaked R, Shen S, et al. Variations in carbohydrate content and sucrose-metabolizing enzymes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) stamen parts during pollen maturation[J]. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2012, 3(2): 252-260.

[5] 趙凌俠,鞠文煥.番茄屬(Lycopersicon)花粉萌發培養基組分的優化[J].東北農業大學學報,2000(2):147-151.

[6] Peterson R, Slovin J P, Chen C B. A simplified method for differential staining of aborted and non-aborted pollen grains[J]. International Journal of Plant Biology, 2010(1): 66-69.

Preservation Methods and Determination of Tomato Pollen Vitality

LI Zijuan, HUANG Wen, YING Fangqing, ZHAO Jianshe, WAN Xiujuan, HU Jing'ang

( Zhengzhou Vegetable Research Institute, 450015 )

Abstract: With the pollens of tomato cultivar Shicheng 116 as material, we observed the quantity and viability of mature pollen grains by using the Alexander staining method, and we stored the tomato pollens at room temperature (25℃), 4℃ and -17℃, aiming to find out the best storage temperature and the longest storage time. In addition, we preserved a group of flower buds in Carnoy's fluid. The results showed that, as the storage time prolonged, the pollen viability and germination numberwere decreased. Stored at room temperature, the pollen viability was the strongest on the first day, and the pollen activity was reduced to 68.60% after three days. Stored at 4℃ in refrigerator, the pollen viability was reduced to 57.00% after the preservation of eight days, and the total amount of pollen was decreased after eighty days' preservation, but the ratio of viable pollens was 58.14%. Stored at -17℃ refrigerator, the pollen vitality was the highest of 83.10% on the first preservation day, and the pollen vitality was reduced to 48.79% after the preservation of twenty eight days, while the the pollen vitality was increased to 59.38% after eighty days' preservation. The pollen vitality was 70.55% after being preserved in the Carnoy's fluid for eighty days.

Key words: Tomato; Pollen vitality; Alexander stainingendprint

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