蔣 濤,馮家龍,劉中洪,冉春雷,張杰智,譚 春
低分子肝素預防幕上高血壓腦出血術后下肢深靜脈血栓形成的效果觀察
蔣 濤,馮家龍,劉中洪,冉春雷,張杰智,譚 春
目的 評價高血壓腦出血術后使用低分子肝素預防下肢深靜脈血栓形成的效果。方法 選擇符合條件的82例高血壓腦出血術后患者分為預防組和對照組。預防組42例,術后第3天預防性皮下注射低分子肝素鈣,1次/d,連續使用14 d,同時每日行間隙氣壓治療。對照組40例,僅行間隙氣壓治療,未行抗凝治療。術前2組均行血漿D-二聚體檢測,術后7、14、21 d行D-二聚體檢測及雙下肢靜脈超聲檢查。結果 預防組發生下肢深靜脈血栓1例(2.38%),顱內出血1例(2.38%)。對照組發生下肢深靜脈血栓9例(22.50%),肺栓塞1例(2.50%),顱內出血1例(2.50%)。兩組間的再出血及肺栓塞發生率差異無統計學意義,而下肢深靜脈血栓形成差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。兩組間血漿D-二聚體對比,術前、術后21 d差異無統計學意義,術后7 d、14 d差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。結論 高血壓腦出血術后患者使用小劑量低分子肝素預防下肢深靜脈血栓形成安全有效,應積極推廣。
下肢深靜脈血栓;腦出血;低分子肝素
高血壓腦出血,又稱出血性腦卒中,是一種病死率和致殘率均很高的急性腦血管病,占所有卒中的10%~30%[1,2]。該病是基層醫院最常見的病種之一,對于出血量大的患者往往需采取手術治療。雖然隨著微創、顯微技術被廣泛應用及治療手段的逐漸增多,病死率、致殘率有所下降,但術后仍有一些并發癥困擾著醫務人員。下肢深靜脈血栓(deep vein thrombosis of lower extremity, LDVT)就是腦出血患者常見并發癥之一,如果治療不及時易繼發致命性肺栓塞,嚴重影響預后。對此,筆者采用低分子肝素結合間隙氣壓治療和預防高血壓腦出血術后LDVT形成,效果較好。
1.1 對象 選擇我院神經外科2009-01至2013-06幕上高血壓腦出血手術患者。納入標準:(1)有突發頭痛、嘔吐、偏癱、失語、意識障礙等臨床表現;(2)頭顱CT證實腦實質內出血;(3)均行開顱血腫清除術或顱內血腫碎吸術。排除標準:(1)既往無高血壓病史;(2)發病后存活時間少于3周(死于肺栓塞的除外);(3)深靜脈血栓病史;(4)血小板計數<100×109/L;(5)證實有血管畸形或動脈瘤等腦血管性疾病導致者;(6)對肝素過敏者。符合上述條件的有82例,其中基底節區出血52例,丘腦出血15例,原發性腦室出血9例,腦葉出血6例。按隨機數字表分為預防組(n=42)和對照組(n=40),預防組簽署使用低分子肝素知情同意書。兩組的一般資料和GCS評分比較,差別無統計學意義(表1)。

表1 兩組高血壓幕上腦出血患者的一般資料和GCS評分 ±s)
注:預防組采用使用低分子肝素,對照組僅采用常規治療和間隙氣壓治療
1.2 方法 預防組常規脫水、止血、對癥、改善腦功能、營養支持、防治并發癥及間隙氣壓治療,于手術后第3天預防性皮下注射低分子肝素鈣4100 U,1次/d,連續用14 d。對照組予常規治療和間隙氣壓治療,不注射低分子肝素鈣。
1.3 DVT診斷 兩組均于術后7、14、21 d,根據Wells評分標準[3],進行Wells評分,若評分中低度者,則于當日行雙下肢靜脈超聲檢查,若為高度者,且下肢超聲檢查陰性,則需行MRI靜脈成像或靜脈造影明確。超聲診斷 LDVT標準: (1)靜脈腔內強弱不等的實性回聲;(2)加壓管腔不變癟或部分變癟;(3)脈沖和彩色多普勒在病變處不能探及血流或顯示血流充盈缺損。
1.4 D-二聚體檢測 試劑為西門子醫療診斷公司生產的D-二聚體試劑盒,采用免疫比濁法測定。術前兩組均行血漿D-二聚體檢測,術后7、14、21 d復查D-二聚體。

預防組發生LDVT僅1例,無肺栓塞病例;對照組發生LDVT 9例,肺栓塞1例(術后16 d死亡);兩組間的再出血、消化道出血及肺栓塞發生率差異無統計學意義,而LDVT發生率差異有統計學意義(P<0.05,表2)。兩組間血漿D-二聚體對比,術前、術后21 d差異無統計學意義,術后7 d、14 d間差異有統計學意義(P<0.05,表3)。

表2 兩組高血壓幕上腦出血患者發生LDVT及其他并發癥的情況 (n;%)
注:預防組使用低分子肝素,對照組僅采用常規治療和間隙氣壓治療;LDVT指下肢深靜脈血栓

表3 兩組高血壓幕上腦出血患者手術前后D-二聚體檢測情況 ;mg/L)
注:預防組使用低分子肝素,對照組僅采用常規治療和間隙氣壓治療
腦出血患者發生血栓栓塞性疾病的風險很高[4,5]。近年來,廣泛采用多普勒超聲和MRI等診斷方法,深靜脈血栓的檢出率為17%~40%[6,7],常見于出血后2周內[8]。高血壓腦出血術后患者易出現LDVT主要有以下幾個原因:(1)術后長期臥床,下肢的血液失去肌肉泵的擠壓作用,血流緩慢,在下肢靜脈竇形成渦流,易激活內源性凝血系統,致使血栓形成;(2)多為老年人,自身血管條件不好,且輸液時間長,經常需使用股靜脈穿刺輸液,從而直接導致下肢靜脈壁機械性和化學性損傷;(3)因廣泛使用脫水藥,導致靜脈淤滯、血液濃縮,且輸甘露醇、脂肪乳等液體,易損傷血管;(4)術后常規應用止血和抑制纖溶的藥物,使血液處于高凝狀態。
深靜脈血栓的嚴重并發癥是肺栓塞,這是深靜脈血栓最兇險的并發癥,雖然臨床發生率不高,但病死率卻極高。英國牛津郡社區卒中項目(Oxfordshire community stroke project, OCSP)顯示,5%的腦出血患者在發病30 d內死于致死性肺栓塞[9]。
D-二聚體是纖維蛋白單體經活化因子交聯后,再經纖溶酶水解作用后的一種特異性降解產物,其水平增高反映凝血和纖溶系統被激活。深靜脈血栓形成后由于激發纖溶活性亢進,D-二聚體水平明顯升高,同時腦出血病情越重,GCS評分越低,D-二聚體含量也越高[10]。兩組術前D-二聚體水平無明顯差異,術后7 d、14 d預防組明顯低于對照組,顯示低分子肝素鈣可能是通過降低D-二聚體水平來緩解高血壓腦出血患者術后高凝狀態。術后21 d兩組無差別,可能由于腦出血7~10 d為LDVT高發期,到21 d時已過高發期,體內繼發性纖溶活性逐漸恢復正常。
低分子肝素由普通肝素通過解聚而成,具有快速和持久的抗血栓形成作用,生物利用度高、血漿半衰期長、出血傾向較低、使用簡單以及不必常規監測等優點[11]。在國外,臨床醫師非常重視腦出血住院患者的深靜脈血栓和肺栓塞的預防,推薦在彈力襪基礎上使用間歇性空氣壓縮裝置,同時建議在證實出血停止之后,臥床患者在發病1~4 d后可考慮皮下注射小劑量低分子肝素或普通肝素以預防靜脈血栓栓塞[12]。但有人指出,應用肝素預防深靜脈血栓的同時,也可增加出血并發癥的危險[13]。本研究發現,預防組發生下肢深靜脈血栓僅1例,發生顱內出血1例,而對照組為9例,預防組LDVT發生率明顯下降,且未明顯增加再出血和消化道出血的發生。因此筆者認為,采用小劑量低分子肝素結合間隙氣壓治療和預防高血壓腦出血術后LDVT形成效果較好且較安全。
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(2014-06-05收稿 2014-07-18修回)
(責任編輯 武建虎)
Low dose of low molecular weight heparin for prevention of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis after hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage operation
JIANG Tao,FENG Jialong,LIU Zhonghong,RAN Chunlei, ZHANG Jiezhi,and TAN Chun.
Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Municipal Corps Hospital,Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Chongqing 400061, China
Objective To evaluate the outcome of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) for the prevention of lower extremity deep vein thromboembolism (LDVT) in patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage after operation. Methods 82 patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage after operation were divided into two groups: prothylactic group (n=42) and control group (n=40). The patients in prothylactic group were injected hypodermically with LMWH from day 3 to day 14 after operation and treated with intermittent pneumatic compression from 1 to 21 days continuously. Whereas the patients in control group were treated only by intermittent pneumatic compression. The plasma D-dimer (D-D) was measured in all patients before operation and was determined at day 7, 14, 21 after operation. The deep veins of lower limbs in all patients were examined with colour Doppler at day 7, 14, 21 after operation to observe venous thromboembolism. Results Only one case of deep vein thrombosis in prothylactic group(2.38%), and one cerebral hemorrhage(2.38%)recurred. In control group, deep vein thrombosis was found in 9 cases(22.50%), and one cerebral hemorrhage(2.50%) recurred, and one pulmonary embolism(2.50%)was found. The DVT incidence between two groups was significantly different(P<0.05), but the PTE incidence was not significantly different. D-D content at days 7, 14 after operation in control group was significantly higher than that in prophylactic group (P<0.05), but the D-D level had no significant difference before operation and at day 21 after operation between the two groups. Conclusions LMWH is safe and effective for the prevention of LDVT in patients after hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage operation.
deep vein thrombosis of lower extremity;intracerebral hemorrhage;low molecular weight heparin
蔣 濤,碩士,主治醫師,E-mail:1048197834@qq.com
400061,武警重慶總隊醫院神經外科
馮家龍,E-mail:wjyysjwkxwk@sina.com
R651.1