張洪旺, 張寶剛, 宋瑞卉, 王漢秋, 郭文君
(濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院病理教研室,山東 濰坊 261053)
Raptor對膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞侵襲能力的影響
張洪旺, 張寶剛, 宋瑞卉, 王漢秋, 郭文君△
(濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院病理教研室,山東 濰坊 261053)
目的: 研究Raptor對于膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞侵襲能力的影響。方法: 采用RNA干擾技術(shù),向膠質(zhì)瘤U87細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)染Raptor限定性siRNA干擾質(zhì)粒, Western blotting檢測轉(zhuǎn)染后細(xì)胞Raptor的表達(dá)水平以鑒定轉(zhuǎn)染效果。體外侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測Raptor表達(dá)降低后,U87細(xì)胞侵襲能力的變化;Western blotting檢測細(xì)胞中ARK5的磷酸化情況和MMP-2、MMP-9的表達(dá)水平。免疫組織化學(xué)法檢測低級別及高級別膠質(zhì)瘤中Raptor的表達(dá)水平。結(jié)果: 轉(zhuǎn)染Raptor siRNA質(zhì)粒的U87細(xì)胞命名為siRaptor/U87,轉(zhuǎn)染對照組質(zhì)粒的細(xì)胞命名為Scr/U87,轉(zhuǎn)染成功的實(shí)驗(yàn)組細(xì)胞Raptor的表達(dá)降低。體外侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)中siRaptor/U87較對照組穿透基質(zhì)膜的細(xì)胞數(shù)少(P<0.01)。Western blotting顯示實(shí)驗(yàn)組細(xì)胞中磷酸化ARK5、MMP-2和MMP-9蛋白的表達(dá)水平均較對照組低。膠質(zhì)瘤組織中Raptor的表達(dá)與惡化程度存在相關(guān)性(P<0.01)。結(jié)論: Raptor 表達(dá)降低可能通過磷酸化ARK5及增加MMP-2、MMP-9的表達(dá)促進(jìn)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲力。
Raptor蛋白; 膠質(zhì)瘤; 腫瘤侵襲; 哺乳動物霉帕雷素靶蛋白; AMPK相關(guān)激酶5; 基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-2; 基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-9
Raptor是哺乳動物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)的一種調(diào)控蛋白。1993年,Hara等[1]證實(shí)了mTOR于酵母菌屬真菌細(xì)胞中的存在,1994年,Brown等[2]通過實(shí)驗(yàn)鑒定了mTOR(亦稱FRAP、RAFT1或RAPT)基因及蛋白產(chǎn)物。mTOR屬磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K)蛋白激酶家族,是PI3K/PKB信號通路的下游效應(yīng)蛋白,在細(xì)胞中有廣泛而重要的作用。Raptor與mLst8、FKBP38、Deptor、PRAS40結(jié)合mTOR在細(xì)胞中以復(fù)合物形式存在,能夠連接mTOR與下游效應(yīng)蛋白,磷酸化S6激酶1(S6 kinase 1,S6K1)和真核生物起始因子4E結(jié)合蛋白1(eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1,4E2BP1),調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞內(nèi)蛋白質(zhì)的表達(dá),從而改變細(xì)胞的生長和增殖狀態(tài),推測其亦能影響膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲能力。有研究表明,AMPK相關(guān)激酶 5(AMPK-related kinase 5,ARK5)可以通過基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶2(matrix metalloproteinase-2,MMP-2)和MMP-9在膠質(zhì)瘤的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移中發(fā)揮重要作用,聯(lián)系之前實(shí)驗(yàn)對ARK5蛋白的研究[3],可以幫助探究mTOR-Raptor在膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞侵襲中的機(jī)制。本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過RNA干擾技術(shù)降低膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞系Raptor的表達(dá)并觀察細(xì)胞侵襲能力變化,檢測ARK5及其下游蛋白表達(dá)水平,探求mTOR-Raptor復(fù)合物在膠質(zhì)瘤侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移中的作用機(jī)制。
1 臨床資料
收集濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院病理學(xué)教研室2008~2012年的膠質(zhì)瘤蠟塊標(biāo)本共52例,均經(jīng)病理證實(shí),其中低級別膠質(zhì)瘤(WTOⅠ、Ⅱ級)22例,高級別膠質(zhì)瘤(WTO Ⅲ、Ⅳ級)30例。所有患者的臨床及病理資料齊全,并且術(shù)前均未經(jīng)放療、化療。
2 主要試劑
培養(yǎng)基及相關(guān)試劑購自HyClone;Raptor限定性siRNA質(zhì)粒和對照組siRNA質(zhì)粒購自Genescript;細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)染試劑盒購自Invitrogen;24孔趨化小室購自康寧世紀(jì)公司;Matrivgel購自北京威格拉斯公司;人EGF購自R&D;抗Raptor、MMP-2和MMP-9抗體購自北京中衫金橋公司;抗p-ARK5和ARK5抗體購自Santa Cruz。
3 方法
3.1 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)和處理 人類膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞系U87購自ATCC,細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)基為含10%胎牛血清的RPMI-1640,置37 ℃、5% CO2培養(yǎng)箱中進(jìn)行無菌培養(yǎng)。在加入完全培養(yǎng)基轉(zhuǎn)染之前24 h,將2×105U87細(xì)胞種植于35 mm培養(yǎng)皿內(nèi)。依據(jù)說明書使用Lipofectamine 2000試劑進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)染,siRNA Raptor目標(biāo)片段為5’-TATTTGGTCGTCCAATCTCGT-3’[4],對照組轉(zhuǎn)染插入SCR序列的siRNA質(zhì)粒(SCR/U87)。轉(zhuǎn)染的實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對照組細(xì)胞分別命名為siRaptor/U87和U87。培養(yǎng)72 h后,用Western blotting評價存活細(xì)胞Raptor的表達(dá)。
3.2 體外侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn) 按照文獻(xiàn)所述方法進(jìn)行Boyden小室侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)[5]。小室碳酸脂膜(8 μm)表面鋪上一層以1.5 g/L濃度配制的基底膜基質(zhì)。將siRaptor/U87和對照組SCR/U87細(xì)胞分別懸浮于無血清培養(yǎng)基中,濃度為4×108/L,37 °C孵育30 min后加入上室。下室加入約300 μL趨化介質(zhì)(RPMI-1640,0.1%牛血清白蛋白和25 mmol/L HEPES)。37 °C、5% CO2孵育24 h,對侵襲至膜下表面的細(xì)胞進(jìn)行固定和染色。400倍光鏡下計數(shù)5塊預(yù)定區(qū)域內(nèi)侵襲至基質(zhì)膜濾膜底面的細(xì)胞數(shù),取其平均值。所有實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3遍。
3.3 Western blotting實(shí)驗(yàn) U87、SCR/U87和si-Raptor/U87細(xì)胞在無血清培養(yǎng)基中分別用10 μg/L的表皮生長因子刺激30 min,使用1×十二烷基硫酸鈉樣品緩沖液溶解,提取總蛋白,蛋白變性后經(jīng)過SDS-PAGE、轉(zhuǎn)膜、抗體孵育、顯影得到蛋白印跡,分析ARK5的磷酸化情況。使用之前實(shí)驗(yàn)抽提的SCR/U87和siRaptor/U87細(xì)胞蛋白,再次進(jìn)行 Western blotting實(shí)驗(yàn),分析2組細(xì)胞中MMP-2和MMP-9表達(dá)水平。所有實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。
3.4 免疫組化實(shí)驗(yàn) 根據(jù)說明書利用鏈霉親和素過氧化物酶免疫組化分析測定所有膠質(zhì)組織標(biāo)本Raptor表達(dá)。石蠟切片的染色程度同時基于染色的強(qiáng)度和陽性細(xì)胞的比例,由2個觀察者獨(dú)立評估計分[6]。單個細(xì)胞的染色強(qiáng)度以如下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)衡量:0(不染色);1(弱染色,淡黃色);2(中等染色,黃棕色);3(強(qiáng)染色、棕色)。陽性細(xì)胞比例以如下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分級:0(沒有陽性細(xì)胞);1(陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)< 10%);2(陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)10%~50%);3(陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)> 50%)。染色指數(shù)計算方式如下:染色指數(shù)=染色強(qiáng)度×染色陽性細(xì)胞比例。通過染色指數(shù)評估Raptor的表達(dá)(得分為0、1、2、3、4、6、7),以染色指數(shù)得分≥ 6標(biāo)志腫瘤高表達(dá)Raptor,染色指數(shù)≤4標(biāo)志腫瘤低表達(dá)Raptor。
4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理
統(tǒng)計分析使用SPSS 16.0軟件。定量數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(mean±SD)表示,計數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn);計量資料采用兩個獨(dú)立樣本的t檢驗(yàn);相關(guān)性采用Spearman相關(guān)分析。以P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
1 轉(zhuǎn)染siRaptor 降低U87細(xì)胞中Raptor的表達(dá)
應(yīng)用RaptorsiRNA質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染72 h,轉(zhuǎn)染成功后的U87細(xì)胞Raptor蛋白表達(dá)降低,見圖1。

Figure 1.The expression of Raptor in U87, siRaptor/U87 and SCR/U87 cells detected by Western blotting. β-actin was used as an internal reference.
圖1 Western blotting法檢測各組細(xì)胞中Raptor 的表達(dá)情況
2 降低U87細(xì)胞中Raptor的表達(dá)導(dǎo)致U87細(xì)胞侵襲能力下降
使用轉(zhuǎn)染成功的siRaptor/U87細(xì)胞與對照組細(xì)胞進(jìn)行侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)siRaptor/U87組比Scr/U87組穿透濾膜的細(xì)胞數(shù)減少,差異顯著(P<0.01),見圖2。

Figure 2.The effect ofRaptorknockdown on invasion ability of U87 cells (×200). Mean±SD.n=3.**P<0.01vsSCR/U87.
圖2 干擾Raptor的表達(dá)對U87細(xì)胞侵襲能力的影響
3 siRaptor/U87細(xì)胞中ARK5的磷酸化水平
結(jié)果顯示,siRaptor/U87較對照組細(xì)胞ARK5的磷酸化減少,見圖3。

Figure 3.The expression of p-ARK5 protein and ARK5 protein in siRaptor/U87 and SCR/U87 detected by Western blotting.
圖3 Western blotting法檢測siRaptor/U87與對照組細(xì)胞中ARK5的磷酸化水平
4 siRaptor/U87細(xì)胞中MMP-2和MMP-9的表達(dá)
結(jié)果顯示,siRaptor/U87較對照組細(xì)胞MMP-2和MMP-9的表達(dá)下調(diào),見圖4。

Figure 4.The expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in siRaptor/U87 cells and SCR/U87 detected by Western blotting. β-actin as an internal reference.
圖4 Western blotting法檢測siRaptor/U87與對照組細(xì)胞中MMP-2和MMP-9的表達(dá)情況
5 膠質(zhì)瘤組織中Raptor蛋白的表達(dá)
免疫組織化學(xué)染色的52例膠質(zhì)組織在顯微鏡下觀察,正常膠質(zhì)組織沒有或極少表達(dá)Raptor,惡化程度高的膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞Raptor的表達(dá)要高于惡化程度低的膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞,見圖5。統(tǒng)計分析顯示,Raptor的表達(dá)與膠質(zhì)瘤是否發(fā)生惡性細(xì)胞變化具有相關(guān)性(P<0.01),見表1。
膠質(zhì)瘤是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)常見的一類腫瘤,其平均生存時間在12~15個月之間[7],被稱為人類最具危害性的腫瘤。而腫瘤惡性程度與腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲有關(guān),因此研究膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲對提高治療功效具有重要的作用[8-9]。Raptor具有潛在的原癌基因特性,在人類乳腺癌、前列腺癌[10]中高表達(dá)但尚未見Raptor與膠質(zhì)瘤侵襲相關(guān)研究。明確Raptor在膠質(zhì)瘤侵襲中的作用,對抑制膠質(zhì)瘤的侵襲具有重要作用。同時實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),Raptor在膠質(zhì)瘤中的表達(dá)具有正相關(guān)性,即:Raptor高表達(dá)時,通過RNA 干擾技術(shù)將相關(guān)質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染膠質(zhì)瘤,培養(yǎng)72 h后,轉(zhuǎn)染成功后的U87細(xì)胞Raptor蛋白表達(dá)降低。為研究Raptor與ARK5之間的關(guān)系我們進(jìn)行了分子生物學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn),通過RNA 干擾技術(shù)使用小干擾RNA質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染乳腺癌細(xì)胞株,Western blotting 檢測到Raptor表達(dá)降低,成功構(gòu)建了穩(wěn)定沉默Raptor表達(dá)的細(xì)胞系。體外癌細(xì)胞侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)證明Raptor參與了癌細(xì)胞的侵襲過程。Raptor降低表達(dá)的實(shí)驗(yàn)組細(xì)胞ARK5的磷酸化減少,MMP-2和MMP-9的表達(dá)相應(yīng)降低。通過免疫組化實(shí)驗(yàn)表明:Raptor在高級膠質(zhì)瘤(WTO分級為Ⅲ、Ⅳ)中的表達(dá)明顯高于在低級膠質(zhì)瘤(WTO分級為Ⅰ、Ⅱ)中的表達(dá)。以上實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,Raptor可以磷酸化ARK5,上調(diào)MMP-2和MMP-9的表達(dá),從而調(diào)控膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲。對侵襲機(jī)制的研究可為膠質(zhì)瘤的防治提供參考,為明確Raptor在膠質(zhì)瘤發(fā)展中的作用及與侵襲相關(guān)的下游信號分子之間的相互關(guān)系,我們將進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步實(shí)驗(yàn)。

Figure 5.The expression of Raptor in tissues of grade I, grade II, grade III and grade IV gliomas(×400).
圖5 I、II、III和IV級膠質(zhì)瘤組織中Raptor的表達(dá)
表1 Raptor的表達(dá)與膠質(zhì)瘤惡化程度的關(guān)系
Table 1.The relationship between Raptor expression and degree of deterioration of glioma

WTOclassificationgradenRaptorHighPositiverateNegativeorexpression(%)lowexpressionI,II221560.826III,IV3022**82.098
**P<0.01vsI,II.
[1] Hara K, Maruki Y, Long X, et al. Raptor, a binding partner of target of rapamycin (TOR), mediates TOR action[J]. Cell, 2002, 110(2):177-189.
[2] Brown EJ, Albers MW, Shin TB, et al. A mammalian protein targeted by G1-arresting rapamycin-receptor complex[J]. Nature,1994, 369(6483):756-758.
[3] Kusakai G, Suzuki A, Ogura T, et al. ARK5 expression in colorectal cancer and its implications for tumor progression [J]. Am J Pathol, 2004, 164(3):987-995.
[4] Chen P, Li K, Liang Y, et al. High NUAK1 expression correlates with poor prognosis and involved in NSCLC cells migration and invasion[J]. Exp Lung Res, 2013, 39(1):9-17.
[5] Baik SH, Kim NK, Lee KY, et al. Factors influencing pathologic results after total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: analysis of consecutive 100 cases[J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2008, 15(3):721-728.
[6] Li J, Guan HY, Gong LY, et al. Clinical significance of sphingosine kinase-1 expression in human astrocytomas progression and overall patient survival[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2008, 14(21):6996-7003.
[7] Stupp R, Hegi ME, Gilbert MR, et al. Chemoradiotherapy in malignant glioma: standard of care and future directions[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2007, 25(26):4127-4136.
[8] Huveldt D, Lewis-Tuffin LJ, Carlson BL, et al. Targeting Src family kinases inhibits bevacizumab-induced glioma cell invasion[J].PLoS One, 2013, 8(2):e56505.
[9] 王 影,孫 靜,李艷艷. miR-29a對膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞CDC42 表達(dá)及遷移和侵襲的影響[J]. 中國腫瘤臨床,2012, 40 (11):629-633.
[10]Lu S, Niu N, Guo H, et al. ARK5 promotes glioma cell invasion, and its elevated expression is correlated with poor clinical outcome[J]. Eur J Cancer, 2013, 49(3):752-763.
Effect of Raptor on invasion ability of glioma cells
ZHANG Hong-wang, ZHANG Bao-gang, SONG Rui-hui, WANG Han-qiu, GUO Wen-jun
(DepartmentofPathology,WeifangMedicalUniversity,Weifang261053,China.E-mail: 13963663745@163.com)
AIM: To study the influence of Raptor on the invasion ability of glioma cells. METHODS: The technique of RNA interference was used. U87 cells were transfected with Raptor restricted siRNA plasmid, and the expression level of Raptor in the transfected cells was detected by Western blotting. The invasive ability of the cancer cellsinvitrowas determined. The phosphorylation level of ARK5 and the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were detected by Western blotting. The expression levels of Raptor in the tumor samples of low-grade gliomas (WTO grade I and grade II) and high-grade gliomas (WTO grade III and grade IV) were also analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS:RaptorsiRNA was transfected into U87 cells and the cells were named siRaptor/U87 cells. The cells transfected with the control plasmid was named Scr/U87 cells. The expression level of Raptor in siRaptor/U87 cells was lower than that in Scr/U87 cells. The results of invitroinvasion assay showed that the number of siRaptor/U87 cells penetrating the Matrivgel matrix membrane was less than that of Scr/U87 cells (P<0.01). The protein expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9, and phosphorylation of ARK5 protein in the cells in the experimental group were lower than those in control group. The correlation between the expression of Raptor in gliomas and the degree of deterioration was also observed (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The expression of Raptor may contribute to the invasion ability of glioma cells by phosphorylation of ARK5 and increase in the levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9.
Raptor protein; Glioma; Neoplasm invasiveness; Mammalian target of rapamycin; AMPK-related kinase 5; Matrix metalloproteinase-2; Matrix metalloproteinase-9
1000- 4718(2014)12- 2280- 04
2014- 06- 06
2014- 10- 16
R730.23
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000- 4718.2014.12.030
△通訊作者 Tel: 0536-8068957; E-mail: 13963663745@163.com