談談高考英語閱讀題的解題方法

黃安河

【摘 要】在滿分150分的廣東高考英語試卷中僅閱讀一大題（含第一節閱讀理解和第二節信息匹配）占50分，是整卷中所占比例最大的題型；閱讀理解成績的高低是決定著英語的“命運”。本文著重談談一些有效的解題方法，以提高學生的高考英語總成績。

【關鍵詞】閱讀理解；解題方法

廣東省高考英語閱讀題的分值占總分的50/150，即三分之一，是所有題型中占分比例最大的一道題。自從我省實行命題以來，高考英語加大了對閱讀考查的力度。一份總分150分的高考英語試題中，第一大題為聽力，占15分，包括有朗讀、角色扮演和口頭作文三部分；第二大題為原來的單選題改為文章段落的語法填空，賦分15分；第三大題為閱讀（含閱讀理解和信息匹配），共50分和第四大題的作文，賦分40分，其中基礎寫作15分和讀寫任務25分，無不充斥著篇章閱讀，整卷幾乎成了閱讀的“海洋”。故很顯然，提高閱讀能力，做好閱讀題是學生取得高考英語好成績的關鍵，也成為師生共同關注的問題，那么采用什么方法來提高閱讀理解成績呢？

根據筆者多年從事高三英語教學的經驗，談談一些行之有效的解題方法，與大家共享。可把閱讀理解選擇題分為以下主要的四種類型：

一、詞義猜測題

這類題目考查學生依據上下文理解、推斷詞匯或句子的意思的能力。它是高考英語閱讀理解中的一個難點，同學們應引起充分重視。請看下面一道詞義猜測題：

I think people have got it wrong when they talk about competition between the different media. They actually feed off each other. Some people once foresaw that television would kill off newspapers， but that hasnt happened. What is read on the printed page lasts longer than pictures on a screen or sound lost in the air. And as for the Internet， its never really pleasant to read something just on a screen.

The phrase “feed off” in the last paragraph means _______.

A. depend on B. compete with

C. fight with D. kill off

作者上一句說人們錯誤地認為各各種不同的媒體相互競爭，而下一句作者又說 They actually feed off each other（注意句中 actually 一詞），再結合所給的四個選項，可知選A為合適。

二、細節理解題

也即是說，這類題目考查學生理解用以闡述主旨的事實和有關細節的能力，也是指針對文章的某個事實或細節而設置的題型。細節理解題的命題有很多方法，如可能是對某個細節用同義詞或句轉換后進行考查、也可能是將文章中的幾個細節放在一起要求考生判斷，選出正確的一項或對好幾個細節進行排序等。解答這類試題時，一個常用的方法就是根據題干或選項中的線索詞從原文中找到相關的句子，與選項進行比較從而確定答案，此時要特別注意一些常見的同義轉換或簡單換算。請看下面一道細節理解題：

A characteristic of American culture that has become almost a tradition is to respect the self-made man — the man who has risen to the top through his own efforts， usually beginning by working with his hands. While the leader in business or industry or the college professor occupies a higher social position and commands greater respect in the community than the common laborer or even the skilled factory worker， he may take pains to point out that his father started life in America as a farmer or laborer of some sort.

From paragraph 1， we can know that in America _________.

A.people tend to have a high opinion of the self-made man

B.people can always rise to the top through their won efforts

C.college professors win great respect from common workers

D.people feel painful to mention their fathers as labors.

這是細節理解題。 根據 文章第一句“A characteristic of American culture that has become almost a tradition is to respect the self-made made. ”。我們可以了解到，“崇尚自我奮斗”是幾乎成為傳統的美國文化的特點，文中的respect與選項中的have a high opinion of意思相近，所以答案選A。

三、推理判斷題

這類題目考查學生上下文之間的邏輯關系并在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎上根據所讀材料進行一定的判斷，推理和引申的能力。推理判斷題屬于主觀性較強的高層次閱讀理解題，做這類題目時，應特別注意：當問及作者的看法、意圖與態度時，不要誤認為是在問“你”（考生）的想法，而是作者本人在字里行間所表述的觀點，從而得出符合邏輯的結論。請看下面一個段落：

Its quite possible that in the next century newspapers will be transmitted（傳送） electronically from Fleet Street and printed out in our own home. In fact， Im pretty sure that how it will happen in the future. You will probably be able to choose from a menu， making up your own newspaper by picking out the things you want to read — sports and international news， etc.

What will probably be on in the newspaper made by yourself？

A. Sports and international news.

B. A menu of important news.

C. The most important news.

D. What you are interested in.

本文大意講的是下一世紀報紙將從艦隊街（英國的報館所在地）用電子傳送出來，在我們家里印刷。作者非常相信未來會是這樣，你會從菜單中挑選感興趣的內容如體育新聞或國際新聞等，自己編輯報紙。

此題要求考生推測未來的報紙將有什么內容，屬推理判斷題。從文章最后一句You will probably be able to choose from a menu， making up your own newspaper by picking out the things you want to read… 可推知此題答案為D最佳，而A項只是部分內容，不全面。

四、主旨大意題

這類題目主要考查學生判斷、分析、概括文章大意的能力。做這類題時，考生要求把全文通讀一遍，把握文章大意或中心思想，同時注意文章的主題句，因為主題句表達中心思想，其他句子均圍繞主題句進行展開。主題句通常位于文章第一段首句、第一段末句或全文末句等地方，但有時位于段落中間（通常是第一段或最后一段的中間）。主旨大意題的考查形式很多，如概括標題、主題、段意、中心思想等。請看下面一個段落：

The main reason for the widespread demand for English is its present-day importance as a world language. Besides serving the indefinite needs of its native speakers， English is a language in which some of important works in science， technology， and other fields are being produced， and not always by native speakers. It is widely used for such purposes as meteorological and airport communications， international conferences， and the spread of information over the radio and television networks of many nations. It is a language of wider communication for a number of developing countries， especially former British colonies. Many of these countries have multilingual populations and need a language for internal communication in such matters as government， commerce， industry， law and education as well as for international communication and for entrance to the scientific and technological developments in the West.

What would be the best title for this passage？

A. The Difficulties of Learning English

B. International Communications

C. The Standard Varieties of English

D. English as a World Language

通讀全文，如果學生訓練有素的話，不難發現本段第1句是主題句，概括了本文的中心思想，再通讀全文，可了解到：人們迫切學英語是因為英語作為世界語言這個重要地位，以及英語在各個國家的各個領域的應用，故本文的標題可推知為D。

做閱讀理解題還有一些見效的步驟：①閱讀題干，即問題。②快讀掌握大意，不必糾纏細節。③閱讀題目及其選項，尋找相關之處并預選答案。可在文中相應處作些符號。④帶著問題略讀原文，確認答案。我們在進行高考閱讀理解題型的訓練中，讓學生掌握這些技巧對他們做閱讀理解題有著事半功倍的效果。

總之，閱讀理解是一個長期訓練的過程，因此，教師在講解試題時要從題目上引導學生在閱讀中找到方法，循序漸進地就一定能達到目的。