鄭淑妍 陳強 黃小萍 蘇少雪 林敏 劉俊斌 楊立業
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CD44及CD44v6在不同分化程度食管癌中的表達水平
鄭淑妍 陳強 黃小萍 蘇少雪 林敏 劉俊斌 楊立業★
目的通過免疫組化研究CD44及其變異體CD44v6在食管癌中的表達情況,探討其與食管癌的關系及臨床意義。方法收集潮州市中心醫院病理科存檔的食管癌蠟塊(所有病例術前均未接受過放、化療)。采用免疫組化PV-9000二步法(非生物素)檢測食管癌中CD44的表達共145例,CD44v6共146例。SPSS16.0統計軟件分析實驗結果。對于各組之間表達情況的數據統計采用多獨立樣本非參數檢驗:Kruskal-Wallis H檢驗;各組中兩兩比較采用兩獨立樣本非參數檢驗:Kruskal-Wallis H檢驗的方法進行比較。結果CD44及CD44v6在5例小細胞癌中均不表達0%,在鱗狀細胞癌中的陽性表達率分別為90.71% (127/140)和82.27%(116/141)。其中高分化鱗狀細胞癌組分別為100%(10/10)及88.89%(8/9),中分化組分別為98.21%(55/56)及94.74%(54/57),而低分化組則分別為83.78%(62/74)及72%(54/75)。CD44及CD44v6在鱗狀細胞癌與小細胞癌之間的表達情況均有顯著差異(均P<0.01),在高分化組與中分化組間的表達差別無統計學意義(P>0.05),高分化組與低分化組及中分化組與低分化組間差別均有統計學意義(均P<0.05),分化越好,CD44及CD44v6的表達越強。結論CD44及CD44v6在食管癌中的表達與腫瘤的組織學分型及鱗狀細胞癌的分化程度有關,提示它們可以作為食管癌組織學分型的一個輔助標記物及預后預測因子之一。另外,鑒于CD44及CD44v6在食管癌中的高表達率,提示其可能為食管癌干細胞的標志物。
CD44;CD44v6;免疫組化;食管癌
中國是世界上食管癌高發區之一,其死亡率位居前列。0~74歲累積死亡率,男性為4.05%,女性為1.96%,前者為新加坡男性的2倍,后者為智利女性的3倍。中國食管癌世界標化死亡率為23.4/10萬,占各種癌癥死亡的23.53%,僅次于胃癌居第二位。潮汕地區是中國的六大食管癌高發區之一,其中,又以汕頭南澳縣最高,食管癌標化發病率在109/10萬,其次是揭陽和潮州的饒平地區[1]。
CD44分子與惡性腫瘤的關系是目前研究的熱點之一,研究領域包括腫瘤的發生、生長,浸潤、轉移以及早期診斷和預后等各個方面。對于惡性腫瘤的發生原因,目前普遍接受的觀點為癌基因的激活和(或)抑癌基因的失活;近期腫瘤的發生又提出了腫瘤干細胞假說,認為腫瘤的發生可能來源于干細胞的惡性轉化。CD44v6屬于變異型CD44(CD44v)家族成員,有研究認為CD44v6的表達要先于抑癌基因的表達,可通過CD44v6的檢測進行腫瘤的早期診斷[2]。本實驗針對我院收集的食管癌病理標本及臨床資料,采用免疫組織化學的方法檢測CD44及CD44v6在食管癌中的表達情況,旨在了解CD44和CD44v6表達情況與食管癌的組織學分型和腫瘤的分化程度的關系,寄望于對食管癌的發生機制、臨床治療以及預后判斷提供有價值的信息。
1.1 材料
收集我院病理科2003~2006年間收檢的術前均未接受過放、化療的食管癌手術切除標本組織存檔蠟塊,CD44共檢測145例,其中女性45例,男性100例;CD44v6共146例,其中女性44例,男性102例,年齡分布為22~73歲,平均年齡為55歲。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 石蠟切片
將收集蠟塊常規石蠟切片3張,裱于已經過APES的硅化玻片上,其中1張用于HE染色,其它兩張用于免疫組化染色。
1.2.2 免疫組織化學染色
采用PV-9000二步法(非生物素)進行免疫組化染色。CD44用淋巴結作陽性對照;CD44v6用扁桃體作陽性對照;兩者均用PBS代替一抗作陰性對照(對照片均由試劑公司提供),DAB顯色,蘇木素復染,光鏡觀察。
1.2.3 結果判斷
CD44定位于腫瘤細胞膜及漿,CD44v6陽性定位于腫瘤細胞膜,呈顯著棕黃色為陽性,根據染色強度及陽性細胞數量分為:“-”、“+”、“++”、“+++”。腫瘤細胞不著色為0分;腫瘤細胞呈淺黃色為1分;腫瘤細胞呈黃色為2分;腫瘤細胞呈棕褐色為3分。腫瘤細胞陽性細胞數<5%為0分;腫瘤細胞陽性細胞數6%~25%為1分;腫瘤細胞陽性細胞數26%~50%為2分;腫瘤細胞陽性細胞數51%~75%為3分;腫瘤細胞陽性細胞數>75%為4分。然后著色強度的得分加上著色細胞數的得分為總分,總分0~1為“-”、2~3為 “+”、4~5為“++”、6~7為“+++”。
1.2.4 統計學分析
采用SPSS16.0軟件,對于各組之間表達強度的數據統計采用多獨立樣本非參數檢驗:Kruskal-Wallis H檢驗;各組中兩兩比較采用兩獨立樣本非參數檢驗:Kruskal-Wallis H檢驗的方法進行比較。
2.1 CD44在食管鱗狀細胞癌高、中、低分化組及小細胞癌組的陽性率分別為100%、98.21%、83.78%和0%,4組間的比較,鱗狀細胞癌組CD44表達顯著高于小細胞癌組 (P=0.0001<0.01),CD44除了在小細胞癌中全部失表達外,其余各組均有較高的表達率,而且其表達與腫瘤的分化程度有顯著的差異性(均P<0.01);但在高分化鱗狀細胞癌與中分化鱗狀細胞癌之間的差別無統計學意義外(P=0.17),其它各組之間均與其分化程度有關(均P<0.05),分化越差,表達強度越弱(圖1)。
2.2 CD44v6在食管鱗狀細胞癌高、中、低分化組及小細胞癌的陽性表達率分別為88.89%、94.74%、72%和0%。4組間的比較,鱗狀細胞癌組CD44v6表達顯著高于小細胞癌組(P<0.01);CD44v6除了在小細胞癌中全部失表達外,其余各組均有較高的表達率,而且其表達與腫瘤的分化程度有顯著的差異性(均P<0.01),但在高分化鱗狀細胞癌與中分化鱗狀細胞癌之間的差別無統計學意義外(P=0.678),其它各組之間均與其分化程度有關(均P<0.05),分化越差,表達強度越弱(如圖2)。
CD44是一種分布極廣的細胞表面跨膜蛋白,屬細胞表面粘連分子,主要參與細胞-細胞及細胞-基質之間的特異性粘連過程,介導淋巴細胞穿壁回到淋巴組織以及淋巴細胞和上皮細胞的相互作用;參與免疫淋巴細胞的激活和粘附過程;能與細胞骨架蛋白結合,與細胞的偽足形成及遷移有關;CD44可在不同的水平被調節,參與腫瘤的浸潤與轉移。按CD44基因的外顯子表達方式不同分為組成型及V區變異型外顯子,分別用于編碼CD44s及CD44v[3]。有研究揭示它們與多種腫瘤的發生發展過程相關[4],其異常表達與多種人類惡性腫瘤,如結腸癌、胃癌、黑色素瘤的發生、發展和轉移密切相關[5]。
但CD44及CD44v6在食管鱗癌中的表達及意義目前文獻報道并不一致。Wong等[6]認為CD44的表達與食管癌轉移有關。Hori等[7]報道CD44的表達與食管癌轉移呈正相關,也有學者認為CD44及CD44v6在食管鱗癌中的表達均與轉移有關[8~9],但其相關性說法不一,其中Li等[8]認為CD44及CD44v6在食管鱗癌中的表達與轉移呈正相關,即表達越強,轉移及侵襲能力越高。但也有持相反觀點的報道,且認為CD44及CD44v6在淋巴結轉移癌中的表達明顯比對應的原發灶弱,同時,轉移淋巴結的數目越多表達也越弱[9]。也有認為CD44及CD44v6的表達與轉移無關的報道[10]。
本組食管癌實驗結果則提示CD44及CD44v6表達水平均與食管癌的組織學分型及腫瘤分化程度有關(P<0.01)。我們觀察到,鱗狀細胞癌的分化程度越高,CD44及CD44v6的表達越強,這與文獻[11]報道一致。本組中5例小細胞癌CD44及CD44v6全部失表達,提示這兩種類型的腫瘤組織可能起源不同。權芳等[12]也認為小細胞癌來源于Kulchitsky型嗜銀黏膜細胞和多潛能上皮干細胞。鑒于CD44及CD44v6在食管鱗狀細胞癌和小細胞癌中表達的特點,我們認為CD44及CD44v6可作為區別食管癌組織學類型及預后評估的輔助標記物,值得進一步研究。由于食管鱗狀細胞癌都起源于上皮,而絕大部分的食管鱗狀細胞癌都表達CD44及CD44v6,而且我們曾經有實驗證實胚胎食管粘膜上皮的基底層均有CD44及CD44v6的表達[13],而基底層恰恰是上皮的生發層,因此我們設想CD44及CD44v6可能是食管癌干細胞的標志物。

圖1 CD44在食管癌中的表達Figure 1 The expression of CD44 in squamous carcinoma

圖2 CD44v6在食管癌中的表達Figure 2 The expression of CD44v6 in squamous carcinoma
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The expression of CD44 and CD44v6 on esophageal carcinoma in differential degree
ZHENG Shuyan, CHEN Qiang, HUANG Xiaoping, SU Shaoxue, LIN Min, LIU Junbin, YANG Liye★
(Department of Pathology, Chaozhou Central Hospital Affiliated to South Medical University, Guangdong, Chaozhou 521000, China)
ObjectiveTo explore the relationship and clinical signi fi cance through investigated the expression of CD44 and CD44v6 in esophageal carcinoma by immunohistochemical method.MethodsParaf fi n blocks of esophageal carcinoma were collected from department of Pathology, Chaozhou central hospital. The patients were not treated with chemotherapy or radiotherapy before operation. The expression of CD44 in 145 cases were detected by immunohistochemistry PV-9000 two-steps methods with monoclonal antibodies directed against speci fi c CD44. The expression of CD44v6 in 146 cases were detected by the same method. The results were analyzed with SPSS 16.0 statistics software. The difference of expression between each sample in one group was analyzed by multi-independent samples nonparameter tests (Kruskal-Wallis H tests). The difference of expression between two samples in one group was analyzed by 2-independent samples nonparameter tests (Kruskal-Wallis H tests).ResultsThe expression of CD44 and CD44v6 in fi ve cases of small cell carcinoma were all negative. In squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the positive expression rate were 90.71% (127/140) and 82.27% (116/141) each other. Among them, the positive rate of the well-differentiated SCC were 100% (10/10) and 88.89% (8/9), respectively. The moderately differentiated SCC were 98.21% (55/56) and 94.74% (54/57), respectively. The poorly differentiated SCC were 83.78% (62/74) and 72% (54/75), respectively. There wassigni fi cant difference between SCC and small cell carcinoma for the expression of CD44 and CD44v6 (P<0.01). There was no signi fi cant difference for the expression of CD44 and CD44v6 between well-differentiated SCC and moderately differentiated SCC (P>0.05). But it was found that there was signi fi cant difference between well-differentiated and poorly differentiated SCC (P<0.01). The same result was found between moderately differentiated SCC and poorly differentiated SCC too (P<0.01). The better differentiated, the stronger CD44 and CD44v6 expressed.ConclusionThe expression of CD44 and CD44v6 in esophageal carcinoma was associated with it's histological type and the differentiation grade of SCC. It implied that CD44 and CD44v6 may be a considerable tumor maker of esophageal carcinoma histological type and the factors for prognosis. The high positive expression rate of CD44 and CD44v6 implied that they may be the markers of esophageal carcinoma stem cells.
CD44; CD44v6; Immunohistochemistry; Esophageal carcinoma
廣東省醫學科學技術研究基金(B2008179);廣東省社會發展計劃(2011B031800329)
南方醫科大學附屬潮州市中心醫院,廣東,潮州 521000
★通訊作者: 楊立業,E-mail: yangleeyee@sina.com