林雯
在外語學習中,學習者的錯誤歷來是語言學家和外語教師普遍關注并存有爭議的問題 [1],而中式英語(Chinglish)更是學者們探討和關注的焦點。James C將語言學習錯誤分為四種類型:語際差錯(interlingual errors)、語內差錯(intralingual errors)、基于交際策略的差錯(communication-strategy-based errors)、誘導性差錯(induced errors)。[2] 從中式英語的特點來看,它屬于語際差錯的范疇,即由語言遷移產生的一種錯誤,這種遷移稱為負遷移或干擾。具體地說,它是指英語學習者在使用中介語(interlanguage)時,套用了母語模式或規則而產生的錯誤或不合適的語言形式。處在基礎學習階段的高中生習作中的中式英語比比皆是,教師疲于糾正卻收效甚微。針對這一現象,筆者希望與同行共同探討控制中式英語的有效途徑。
一、中式英語歸類
1.詞法錯誤
造詞現象(coinage),如working building(辦公樓 office building)、school garden(校園 campus)等。誤配對(false friends),如rest room (休息室 lobby/lounge)、red tea(紅茶 black tea)等。誤選詞(misselection),如look at a newspaper(看報 read a newspaper)、change more beautiful (變得更美麗 become more beautiful)等。添詞(wordiness),如return back(回來 return)、serve for the people(為人民服務 serve the people )等。
2.句法錯誤
(1)Yesterday you saw the man is his father.(你昨天看見的那個人是他父親。The man you saw yesterday is his father.)
(2)I am doing homework.(我在做作業。I am doing my homework.)
(3)There has a dog in my home.(我家有只狗。There is a dog in my home.)
(4)We are necessery to learn English well.(我們有必要把英語學好。Its necessery for us to learn English well.)
(5)His age is very young.(他年齡很小。He is very young.)
(6)Thank your help.(謝謝你的幫助。Thank you for your help.)
(7)Youd better pull out the tooth.(你最好把那顆牙齒給拔了。Youd better have the tooth pulled out.)
(8)Turn left,youll see a tall building.(向左轉,你會看到一座高樓。Turn left and youll see a tall building. / If you turn left,youll see a tall building.)
3.修辭錯誤
(1)He is as wise as a monkey.(他像猴子一樣機靈。He is as wise as an owl.)
(2)He drank like an ox.(他牛飲。He drank like a fish.)
4.語篇缺乏粘著力
(學生習作)There is a kitchen at the back of the school.Its on the left.There are two toilets to the right of the kitchen.Theres a classroom in the front of the school.Its on the right.Its the infants classroom. There are very low chairs and tables and many toys in it.
(參考范文:Theres a kitchen in the back left-hand corner of the school building,with two toilets to the right of it. Farther along,in the front right-hand corner,is the infants classroom which has very low chairs and tables and many toys.)
二、教學思考
以上種種中式英語現象都是由于學生未能注意到英漢語言在語法、詞匯、結構、修辭、思維模式、語篇習慣等方面的差異,直接套用漢語而導致的。作為高中英語教師,應該如何對待這一問題,并采取有效的措施加以防范呢?筆者認為,無針對性的強化訓練和批改,未必是有效的方法。……