武漢商貿職業學院外國語學院 石守梅
淺析英語中常見的修辭格
武漢商貿職業學院外國語學院 石守梅
本文從明喻、擬人、擬聲、平行結構、換喻等方面列舉了高中英語課本上出現的修辭格,并對這些修辭格的概念作了簡單的介紹,對例句作了分析,以便讓讀者對常見的修辭格有個大致的了解。
高中英語 修辭格
引 言:漢語中有修辭,英語中也有修辭。目前英語中修辭的運用已滲透到各種文體中。在我們的高中英語教材中(人民教育出版社出版)也應用了多種多樣的修辭手法,這些修辭不僅增加了文章的生動性和美感,也增強了文章的吸引力。現通過教材中的句子介紹幾種常見的修辭手法,以助于理解課文內容,激發學生的學習興趣。
Simile(明喻)是把二種不同事物的相同特征進行對比,表明本體和喻體間的相似關系、本體和喻體都在對比中出現,二者常用比喻詞like,as,as if等連接。
(1)Looking at the architecture by Gaudi is like a dream,full of fantastic colors and shape.
(2)Seen from the top,it looks as if the stadium is covered by a grey net of steel,and it looks just like a bird’s net made of tree branches.
(3)My money and goods are as dear to me as life itself.
(4)Mercy falls like the gentle rain from the sky upon the earth.
例(1)~(4)都有本體、喻體和喻詞,是典型的明喻。例 (1)中本體是 Gaudi’s architecture,喻體是dream,喻詞為 like。 例(2)中本體為 the stadium,喻體為 bird’s net,喻詞為 like。 例(3)中本體為 money and goods,喻體為life,喻詞為as。句中把錢財比作生命,形象地展示了夏洛克愛財如命的性格。例(4)中本體為mercy,喻體為 gentle rain,喻詞為 like。例(1)~(4)中用生動的喻體形象地描述本體,讓讀者產生生動的聯想,從而深入地了解本體。
另外,還有另一種比喻結構:A is to B what C is to D.
(5)A nest is to a bird what a house is to a man.
(6)A net is to a fisherman what a gun is to a hunter
(5)(6)中喻詞均為 what.(5)中本體為 a nest is to a bird.喻體為 a house is to a man。(6)中本體為 a net is to a fisherman.喻體為 a gun is to a hunter. (5)(6)用喻體形象地描述了本體、生動地說明了鳥巢與鳥、魚網與漁民的關系。
Personification(擬人)是把無生命的東西當作有生命的東西來寫,從而增加文章的生動性和形象感。
(1)A smile can open doors and tear down walls.It can be used to express almost any emotion.
(2) “She is done for”,he said to himself.
(3) Will she live through this?
(4) The city saw a series of fierce fights between blacks and whites in the 1960s and Drking was shot and killed in 1968.
(5) Copacabana,also known as the “princess of the sea”,has just celebrated its one hundredth birthday and is more beautiful than ever.
(1)~(5)均把人的品格賦予給了物。 (1)中 open,tear down和(4)中see都是人的動作,這里分別賦予給了 smile and city。(2)、(3)中把船稱為女性 she。(5)中把科帕卡巴納稱為公主,并說它慶祝了百歲生日等,這些都是把這個海灘當作人來寫。
Onomatopoeia擬聲是以詞擬人或其他有無生命的事物的聲音。以使語言更加生動形象。擬聲詞在句中可作各種成分。
(1) Boom!Another wave struck the house and a strange cracking noise began.
(2) As they got to the steps,they heard another great roar,and the wall of the house shook.
(3) The roar of the winds drew near fast.
(1)中Boom模擬巨浪猛沖房子的聲音,使人身臨其境,Crack讓人仿佛聽到房子被撞擊后倒塌的噼啪聲,Boom在句中作獨立成分。(2)中roar模擬了巨浪的咆哮聲,roar在句中作賓語。(3)roar中模擬了颶風的呼嘯聲,給人狂風怒吼的聽覺表象,roar在句中作主語。
Parallelism平行結構是用結構相同或相似、語氣一致的詞語或句段表達相關的內容,以加強語勢,提高表達效果,使層次清楚、節奏和諧。詞語的平行可作句子中的各種成分。
(1)The African first-fruit festivals had many things in common:People would get together to celebrate their harvest;People used to give thanks for their harvests and for life;People used to honour their ancestors,celebrate their past,and the group or society they lived in.
(2) The history of the South is one of suffering:the suffering of the Native Americans who were killed or driven off their land by European settlers;the pains of slaves brought from Africa by greedy slave traders;the death and poverty of the Civil War;the hardships of unemployment and civil unrest in the post-war years and the Great Depression;the many sacrifices of the Civil Rights Movement.
(1)中用了三個平行分句,簡明地概括了非洲人最初果實節的共同點,言簡意賅。(2)接連用了5個平行的短語結構,按時間順序在讀者面前呈現了南方有史以來的苦難,生動鮮明。
總之,從上面的例句中我們可以看到:無論是豐富多彩的比喻、寓意深刻的擬人、生動形象的擬聲、還是氣勢連貫的排比,無不體現出了英語語言的美。適當使用修辭格,可使文章更生動形象,有趣感人。如果高中教師在課堂上適當給學生講講課文中的修辭格,不僅可以提高高中生學習英語的興趣,同時也可以培養高中生對英語語言美的鑒賞能力,陶冶他們的情操,從而達到英語素質教育的目的。
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