摘要:為了明確湖北省主要農作物田外來入侵雜草的發生危害狀況,于2007年采用七級目測法進行了調查。結果表明,在調查的101個小麥、油菜、水稻、棉花田樣點中,外來入侵雜草共有23種,隸屬于菊科(8種)、禾本科(2種)、莧科(2種)、大戟科(2種)、茄科(1種)、商陸科(1種)、豆科(1種)、傘形科(1種)、十字花科(1種)、牻牛兒苗科(1種)、錦葵科(1種)、車前科(1種)和玄參科(1種)。小麥田有外來入侵雜草11種,占麥田雜草種類數的23.40%,其中野燕麥(Avena fatua)、波斯婆婆納(Veronica persica)、野芥菜(Brassica juncea var. gracilis)、野老鸛草(Geranium carolinianum)等4種發生危害較大。油菜田有外來入侵雜草15種,占油菜田雜草種類數的14.02%,其中野燕麥、波斯婆婆納的發生頻率高于50%、綜合草害指數高于10,是11種惡性雜草中排在前兩位的種類。水稻田外來入侵雜草只有空心蓮子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)一種,其發生頻度為61.60%,已成為稻田的一種主要雜草。棉田有外來入侵雜草15種,占棉田雜草種類數的17.24%,其中反枝莧(Amaranthus retroflexus)、牛筋草(Eleusine indica)、斑地錦(Euphorbia maculata)等3種發生危害較大。該研究對明確湖北省主要農作物田外來入侵雜草的種類、發生頻率和危害程度具有重要意義,同時能夠為湖北省外來入侵雜草發生危害情況的后續監測提供基礎數據。
關鍵詞:農田;外來入侵雜草;危害狀況;湖北省
中圖分類號:S45 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:0439-8114(2011)19-3963-04
Survey on Alien Invasive Weeds in Farmlands in Hubei Province
LI Ru-hai1,CHU Shi-hai1,WAN Peng1,CHANG Xiang-qian1,LI Guo-wei2
(1. Hubei Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases, Insect Pests and Weeds Control/Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064,China; 2. Hubei Administration Bureau for State Farms, Wuhan 430061, China)
Abstract: Alien invasive weeds in farmlands in Hubei province were surveyed with seven grades by visualization of weed dominance to crop in 2007. The results showed that there were 23 alien invasive weed species in 101 sample sites of wheat, oilseed rape, rice paddy and cotton fields in Hubei Province, belonging to Asteraceae (8 species), Poaceae (2 species), Amaranthaceae (2 species), Euphorbiaceae (2 species), Solanaceae(1 species), Phytolaccaceae(1 species), Leguminosae (1 species), Umbelliferae (1 species), Brassicaceae (1 species), Geraniaceae (1 species), Malvaceae (1 species), Plantaginaceae (1 species) and Scrophulariaceae (1 species). In wheat fields, there were 11 alien invasive weed species, accounting for 23.40% of the total weed species, among which, Avena fatua, Veronica persica, Brassica juncea var. gracilis and Geranium carolinianum were the most serious weeds. In oilseed rape fields, there were 15 alien invasive weed species, accounting for 14.02% of the total weed species, in which, A. fatua and V. persica ranked top 2 of 11 swart weeds. In paddy fields, the only invasive weed Alternanthera philoxeroides has become the main weed with its occurrence frequency of 61.60%. In cotton fields, there were 15 alien invasive weed species, accounting for 17.24% of the total weed species, in which, Amaranthus retroflexus, Eleusine indica and Euphorbia maculate were the most serious weeds. This research had great significance in clanifying the alien invasive weed species, their occurrence frequency and harm to crops in farmlands in Hubei province; it had also provided basic data for future survey.
Key words: farmland; alien invasive weed; harm status; Hubei province
隨著全球經濟一體化步伐的加快,生物入侵現象也日趨嚴重。外來生物入侵已經成為威脅生物多樣性和生態環境的一個重要因素,其危害僅次于生境破壞[1,2],而且能造成巨大的經濟損失[3-5]。Pimentel等[3]估計外來物種給美國帶來的損失每年大約1 370億美元;……