摘要:采用進(jìn)村入戶問卷方法,詳盡調(diào)查了湖北省幾個(gè)主要產(chǎn)區(qū)蓮藕的生產(chǎn)和施肥現(xiàn)狀。結(jié)果表明,當(dāng)前農(nóng)戶習(xí)慣生產(chǎn)管理?xiàng)l件下,優(yōu)質(zhì)蓮藕品種的生產(chǎn)潛力沒有得到充分發(fā)揮,而部分藕田病蟲害發(fā)生比較嚴(yán)重和施肥技術(shù)不合理是蓮藕單產(chǎn)較低的兩個(gè)重要原因。蓮藕施肥技術(shù)不合理主要表現(xiàn)為氮、磷肥施用量過高,鉀肥用量不足,磷、鉀肥尤其是磷肥施用時(shí)間過遲,忽視鋅、硼等微量元素肥料的使用。針對上述現(xiàn)狀提出了“減氮減磷增鉀補(bǔ)鋅補(bǔ)硼”和“磷鉀肥前移”的蓮藕高產(chǎn)高效優(yōu)化施肥技術(shù)。
關(guān)鍵詞:蓮藕;產(chǎn)量現(xiàn)狀;施肥現(xiàn)狀;湖北省
中圖分類號:S645.106+.2 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A 文章編號:0439-8114(2011)19-3934-05
Present Status Investigation of Production and Fertilization on Rhizome Lotus in Hubei Province
XIONG Gui-yun1,TONG Jun2,LIU Dong-bi1,DENG Yan-guo3,WANG Jin-ming4,
FANG Jian-kun5,CAO Guo-song6,WANG Bi-wu7,DING Heng-hu8
(1. Plant Protection, Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Wuhan 430064, China;
2. Soil and Fertilizer Station of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China; 3. Hanchuan Agricultural Bureau, Hanchuan 431600, Hubei, China; 4. Yunmeng Agricultural Bureau, Yunmeng 432500, Hubei, China; 5. Dongxihu Agricultural Bureau of Wuhan, Wuhan 430040, China; 6. Caidian Agricultural Bureau of Wuhan, Wuhan 430100, China; 7. Xiantao Agricultural Bureau, Xiantao 433000, Hubei, China; 8. Qianjiang Agricultural Bureau, Qianjiang 433100, Hubei, China)
Abstract: The present status of production and fertilization on rhizome lotus in Hubei province was investigated by questionnaires. Results showed that, under the current farmers’ practice, the yield potential of excellent rhizome lotus variety was not fully developed. Serious occurrence of diseases and (or) pests in some rhizome lotus fields and irrational fertilization techniques were the two important causes for relatively low rhizome lotus yield. Irrational fertilizations in rhizome lotus field included over use of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers and insufficient potassium (K) fertilizers, too late of P and K (especially P) fertilization period, and neglect of zinc (Zn) and boron (B) fertilization. Based on the above fertilization status, optimized fertilization techniques for high yield and high efficiency were suggested to be (1) conducting balanced fertilization by decreasing N and P fertilizers and increasing K fertilizers, and applying Zn and B fertilizers according to yield goal and nutrient status of rhizome lotus field. (2) using more percentage of P and K as basal fertilizers rather than top-dressing.
Key words: rhizome lotus; yield status; fertilization status; Hubei province
以地下膨大根狀莖為收獲物的藕蓮(習(xí)慣上稱為蓮藕)是我國種植面積最大、產(chǎn)量最高的水生蔬菜品種,湖北省是全國蓮藕生產(chǎn)第一大省。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),2004年全國蓮藕總面積27萬hm2,總產(chǎn)量734萬t,湖北省蓮藕面積和產(chǎn)量分別占全國總面積和總產(chǎn)量的25.2%和26.8%[1]。近十年來,湖北省蓮藕種植面積一直穩(wěn)定在6.31萬hm2以上,產(chǎn)量98.63萬~141.16萬t,單產(chǎn)15 300~18 750 kg/hm2。湖北省蓮藕主要集中分布在孝感、武漢、仙桃、荊州等土壤比較肥沃的江漢平原地區(qū)[2]。據(jù)初步調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),盡管湖北省蓮藕主產(chǎn)區(qū)土壤肥沃,農(nóng)戶在蓮藕上的肥料投入也較高,但蓮藕單產(chǎn)仍處于較低的水平,已在湖北省廣泛推廣的優(yōu)質(zhì)蓮藕品種的生產(chǎn)潛力沒有得到充分發(fā)揮。因此,我們對湖北省幾個(gè)主要蓮藕產(chǎn)區(qū)進(jìn)行了以施肥現(xiàn)狀為重點(diǎn)的生產(chǎn)狀況調(diào)查,以期明確在當(dāng)前農(nóng)戶生產(chǎn)管理水平下蓮藕產(chǎn)量的主要影響因素,為有針對性地開展蓮藕優(yōu)化施肥技術(shù)研究與應(yīng)用提供科學(xué)的事實(shí)依據(jù)?!?br>