完形填空所選短文都是上下連貫、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴密的文章,其文章脈絡(luò)自然有序,這充分體現(xiàn)“突出語篇、強調(diào)運用”的高考命題指導(dǎo)思想。可以說,對語境的理解能力是完形填空主要的考查內(nèi)容,這就要求考生不僅要注意句子中的詞語搭配,更要從整體上把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和脈絡(luò),并在此基礎(chǔ)上按照文章的行文邏輯進行合理的推理判斷。
具體而言,完形填空中的邏輯關(guān)系可大致分為兩類:一是上下文的語義提示;二是上下文的結(jié)構(gòu)提示。下面結(jié)合近年來的高考題加以陳述(保留題號)。
一、根據(jù)上下文的語義提示解題
這是指選項常有一些詞語在語篇中重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)象,詞語的復(fù)現(xiàn)使語篇中的句子相互銜接,從而構(gòu)成一個意義完整的有機整體。具體分為三種情況:語義重復(fù)、詞語重復(fù)、平行并列。
1.語義重復(fù)
(2010年江蘇卷)When I turned fourteen,she bought me a secondhand ?搖47and told me that she believed that I could become a writer.I knew her enthusiasm,I appreciated it had already improved our lives.I accepted her ?搖49and began to write for local newspapers.I was doing the same kind of ?搖50that great day I went to interview Andrew Carnegie and received the task which became my life’s work later.
47.A.camera B.radioC.bicycleD.typewriter
49.A.beliefB.requestC.criticism D.description
50.A.teaching B.writingC.studying D.reading
47.D。解析:根據(jù)下文“a writer”可推知“繼母給我買了一臺二手打印機”。
49.A。解析:根據(jù)本段中的“...she believed that I could become a writer.”可知答案為belief,與believed形成了呼應(yīng)。
50.B。解析:上文提到繼母相信我能成為一名作家,我接受了她的信念并開始從事寫作,故此處應(yīng)填writing,與上文內(nèi)容一致。
2.詞語重復(fù)
(2010年湖南卷)My ?搖36?搖,Beans,and I walk the trail frequently.Normally,Beans sniffs alongside the trail to follow the smell of a deer track or explore some cause known only to him.
Beans is a white dog,quite handsome and...
36.A.deer B.dog C.lady D.man
36.B。解析:根據(jù)第二段第一句“Beans is a white dog”可判斷選B。
3.平行并列
(2010年陜西卷)As selfish as it sounds,I excepted something more to come from that moment——a feeling of ?搖37?搖or satisfaction,for example.
37.A.happiniss B.sadness C.love D.hate
37.A。解析:作者期盼的是美好感受,這里的or表明了要填的詞和satisfaction是并列的,故只有happiniss符合語境。
二、根據(jù)上下文的結(jié)構(gòu)解題
這是指在做完形填空時,要注意識別語篇標志,如:表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的:but,while,on the other hand,although等;表示因果關(guān)系的:thus,so,therefore等;表示時空關(guān)系的:after,later,before,firstly,secondly,so far等;表示遞進關(guān)系的:what’s more,besides,in addition,further等;表示條件關(guān)系的:even though,suppose,as long as等。這些邏輯關(guān)系語對準確理解語篇意義能夠起到很強的提示作用。完形填空中的很多題目都圍繞它們而設(shè)。考生在解題時要充分利用這些邏輯關(guān)系語,找到與文中某些詞、短語有密切關(guān)系的選項。如:
1.轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系
(2009年重慶卷)Besides,his sore throat kept upsetting him,and he developed a cough to force me and my family out,but ?搖46?搖.
46.A.escapeded B.succeeded C.regretted D.failed
46.D。解析:句意是:他頭痛的喉嚨使他難受,并且他開始cough來試圖把我和我的家人趕走,但是沒能成功。前面說到“他想趕我和家人出去”,這里的but表示一種轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,由此可以判斷出這里是說“他沒有成功”,所以D項符合題意。
2.時空關(guān)系
(2010年安徽卷)First of all,a pen should fit comfortably in your hand and be easy to use...Then,the writing point of the pen should allow the ink to flow evenly(均勻地)while the pen remains in touch with the paper...?搖52?搖,the pen should make a thick,dark line.
52.A.Meanwhile B.Generally C.Afterwords?搖?搖?搖?搖D.Finally
52.D。解析:該句上兩段的首句連接詞為“First of all”,“Then”,所以這里應(yīng)該用Finally。
3.條件關(guān)系
(2010年課標全國)He replied that she no longer knew who he was,that she had not been able to recognize him for five years now.I was surprised and asked him,“And you ?搖49go every morning,even though she doesn’t know who you are?”
49.A.only B.then C.thus D.still
49.D。解析:由下文的“even though”可知,他仍然每天都去,用still表示“依然,還是”。
4.因果關(guān)系
These tell the story of a mother whose baby grows sick and pale and has changed so much that it is almost ?搖24to the parents.
24.A.uncomfortableB.unbelievable
C.unacceptableD.unrecognizable
24.D。解析:根據(jù)前面有系動詞is ,四個選項都是形容詞可充當is的表語,所以從語法上都說得過去。但根據(jù)前面說到“has changed so much”(變化那么大),故這里要表達的意思是:認不出,因此只有選項D符合題意。
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