辛 菲,許國志
(北京工商大學材料與機械工程學院,北京100048)
碳納米管增強聚合物納米復合材料研究進展
辛 菲,許國志*
(北京工商大學材料與機械工程學院,北京100048)
綜述了近幾年國內外在碳納米管增強聚合物納米復合材料力學性能方面的研究進展,主要介紹了以聚氨酯和聚酰亞胺為基體的復合材料。討論了碳納米管的各種改性方法及其作用原理,并對各種改性和制備方法的有效性進行了比較。最后,對碳納米管增強聚合物納米復合材料的發展前景進行了展望。
聚合物;碳納米管;復合材料;研究進展
近年來碳納米管(CNT)增強聚合物納米復合材料領域的發展非常快。CNT本身有著出眾的電學、熱學和力學性能。例如,CNT的拉伸模量和拉伸強度理論上是最強不銹鋼材料的10~100倍。2000年,YU等[1]測得的單個多壁碳納米管(MWCNT)的彈性模量在0.27~0.95TPa之間,拉伸強度在11~63GPa之間。單壁碳納米管(SWCNT)的彈性模量在0.32~1.47TPa之間,拉伸強度在10~52GPa之間[2]。這些特性使得CNT成為提高聚合物基復合材料力學性能的理想材料。
在聚合物中添加含碳填料用以提高聚合物的力學性能,降低質量或者起導熱作用并不是一種新的方法。炭黑已經被廣泛用于增強橡膠和塑料,例如:它被廣泛用在賽車輪胎上來降低熱磨損。碳纖維也是一種用途廣泛的工業材料,被廣泛應用于汽車、飛機和自行車等領域。然而,最有潛力的還是CNT,利用其力學強度已經生產出了新的工業產品。例如,含有CNT的網球拍和高爾夫球桿等運動器材已經在市場上售賣。CNT的生產方法越來越簡便,其價格也越來越便宜,CNT將會超過碳纖維,成為聚合物基復合材料生產中的主要填料。
目前已經有很多關于CNT增強聚合物納米復合材料力學性能的綜述[3-14],但最近CNT增強聚合物納米復合材料領域又有一些明顯的進展。本文將主要介紹近幾年CNT增強聚合物納米復合材料的發展狀況,特別是其力學性能。
眾所周知,為了獲得最佳的力學性能,CNT必須有最好的分散效果。除非CNT與聚合物之間經過非常細致的加工和處理,否則由于CNT的團聚使得CNT之間或者CNT與聚合物鏈之間的載荷傳送非常差,導致界面滑動,嚴重影響力學性能[15]。因此,對CNT進行改性對其在聚合物中的加工和應用都是十分重要的。一般來說,通過改性會明顯提高CNT的分散性和它與聚合物之間的應力應變傳遞。對CNT改性和超聲分散被廣泛用于改善CNT在溶液中的分散狀況[16-22]。
CNT改性主要有2種方法:共價鍵改性和非共價鍵改性。
共價鍵改性可以通過直接在CNT的側壁引入化合物或者是添加合適的官能團來達到目的[10,11,23]。這種改性方法因為將sp2雜化軌道的碳原子改變成了sp3雜化軌道,使得CNT的外層結構受到破壞,導致其性能如電學性能等受到影響[24],但是這種改性方法可以提高CNT在溶液和聚合物中的分散度和相容性。總體來講,像—COOH和—OH之類的官能團可以通過采用氧氣、空氣、濃硫酸、濃硝酸、鹽酸或者是混酸等氧化劑對CNT進行氧化使之在CNT的側壁上生成相應的官能團[25-26]。酸處理的 MWCNT表面存在著一些缺陷點,這些缺陷點位于生成的羧酸官能團與MWCNT表面相接的C—C鍵上[27-28]。CNT表面羧基基團的數量隨著酸化處理的溫度和時間的增加而增加[29],同時也取決于氧化處理的方法和氧化試劑。
—COOH和—OH之類的官能團的存在有助于在CNT表面接上有機化合物[30-32]或無機材料,而這些物質對于提高CNT的相容性具有非常重要的作用。CNT的這種改性可以發生在末端或側壁,從而提高其在溶液和聚合物中的相容性和分散度[33-34]。SWCNT可以通過在不同的溫度下與氟氣反應使其在側壁上引入氟原子[35],這種氟改性的CNT在異丙醇或者是二甲基甲酰胺的溶液中超聲后顯示出了非常好的相容性[36-37]。氟改性的CNT也可以與溶于氯仿中的格式試劑或烷基鋰發生反應從而得到側壁含有烷基的CNT[38]。SWCNT也可以通過硝基化反應[39-40]、烯基化反應[40]、芳基化反應[41-42]直接在其側壁上進行改性。
非共價鍵改性方法最大的優點是它不會破壞CNT的結構,同時也能提高其相容性和可加工性。這種類型的改性主要包括表面活性劑、生物大分子或者是用聚合物包覆等方法。
CNT能夠通過加入陰離子、陽離子或非離子型表面活性劑在水溶液中得到很好的分散[43-46]。陰離子表面活性劑如十二烷基硫酸鈉(SDS)[47-49]和十二烷基苯磺酸鈉(NaDDBS)[50-51]是常用的用來減少 CNT 在水中團聚的表面活性劑。表面活性劑與CNT之間的相互作用依靠表面活性劑本身的結構,如它們的烷基鏈長,端基基團的大小和電荷等。SDS相對于NaDDBS和辛基苯基聚氧乙烯醚(Triton X-100)來說和CNT具有較弱的相互作用,這是因為它沒有苯環。事實上苯環和CNT表面之間的π-π共軛作用明顯提高了表面活性劑分子與碳層的結合和表面覆蓋度[46]。NaDDBS分散效果好于Triton X-100是因為它的端基和更細長的烷基鏈。圖1是不同表面活性劑在CNT表面的吸附示意圖[46]。

圖1 不同表面活性劑在CNT表面的吸附示意圖Fig.1 Schematic diagram of surfactants adsorbed onto the CNT surface
也有用蛋白質和DNA來對CNT進行改性的報道[52]。蛋白質的疏水部分對于其在CNT上的吸附有著重要的作用。現在已經能夠通過可控及獨特的方法將蛋白質吸附在CNT上[53],這種吸附的機理包含蛋白質上的氨基基團對N羥基琥珀酰亞胺的親核取代反應。其非共價鍵改性是通過sp2雜化軌道使得CNT上的π鍵發生離域作用與聚合物分子中的π鍵相互作用來實現的[53-54]。CNT能夠在非共價鍵改性之后相容于有機溶劑[55]或者是水溶液[56]中部分歸功于官能團對它更好的覆蓋度[57]。
非共價鍵改性的第三種類型是用聚合物對其進行包覆改性。聚合物可以在CNT的周圍形成超大分子[58-60]。Blau等[61-64]制備了共聚物包覆的 CNT,由于這種共聚物生成的包覆層是永久固定的,所以明顯增強了CNT在極性與非極性溶劑以及聚合物中的分散。但是這種方法的主要缺點是包覆分子與CNT之間的作用力較弱,因此在復合材料中CNT的有效載荷傳遞會較低。
CNT由于其非常優秀的力學性能和較高的長徑比使得它成為一種十分優秀的增強填料用于研制CNT增強聚合物納米復合材料。事實上,已經有很多種聚合物用來作為基體制備這種材料。本文主要介紹其中2種聚合物的CNT增強材料的力學性能。
聚氨酯(PU)是一種用途十分廣泛的材料,它被廣泛應用于涂料、黏結材料、形狀記憶高分子材料、醫用材料等領域。PU由交互的硬段和軟段組成,硬段由交互的二異氰酸鹽和擴鏈劑分子(如二醇或二胺)組成,軟段由直線長鏈狀的二醇構成,硬段與軟段的熱動力學不穩定會使PU發生相分離。PU/CNT復合材料[65-74]最近吸引了大家的關注,不同 PU/CNT 復合材料的力學性能列于表1中[75-84],可見,將CNT加入PU中可以大幅提高材料的拉伸強度和拉伸模量。例如,用溶液混合法將酸化的MWCNT加入PU中可以提高材料的拉伸強度和拉伸模量[85-86],如圖2所示。

表1 PU/CNT復合材料的力學性能Tab.1 Mechanical properties of PU/CNT composites

圖2 不同CNT添加量時PU/CNT復合材料的應力應變曲線Fig.2 Stress-strain profiles of PU/CNT composites at different CNT contents
從圖2可以看出,含有10%(質量分數,下同)MWCNT-COOH的PU復合材料的拉伸強度比未添加的PU增強了108%,比相同添加量的未改性MWCNT的PU復合材料提高了68%。當添加量達到20%后,PU復合材料的拉伸強度和拉伸模量分別從原來的7.6MPa升到了21.3MPa(增幅180%)和50MPa升到了420MPa(增幅740%)。MWCNT上的親水功能基團有助于提高其和PU中—CONH—基團的相互作用。因此,改性MWCNT和PU基體這種強的相互作用大大增強了MWCNT在PU中的分散程度,同時也增強了它們之間的界面黏附,從而提高了材料的整體力學性能。
復合材料力學性能同時也取決于CNT酸處理時的溫度。添加90℃處理的MWCNT的復合材料比添加140℃處理的MWCNT的復合材料的拉伸模量有更大的提升,這說明強烈的表面處理會降低力學性能[29]。Kuan等[80]將用氨基改性的 MWCNT 加入到水性PU中,他們發現添加量為4份時,材料的拉伸模量由77MPa提高到了131MPa(增幅70%),拉伸強度由5.1MPa提高到18.9MPa(增幅270%)。氨基改性CNT和PU之間形成的共價鍵有助于提高界面強度和拉伸強度。CNT的種類對于提升材料的力學性能也有影響,MWCNT對于提高材料的模量更為有效,而SWCNT更有助于提高材料的拉伸長度和拉伸強度。這兩者對于PU的不同的增強效果與CNT在多羥基化合物中的分散的剪切變稀指數和形狀系數有關。
聚合物接枝也是一種十分有效的提高分散度和材料力學性能的方法,因為這種方法可以在聚合物與CNT之間形成很強的化學鍵。Xia等[87]用同位聚合法制備了聚已酸內酯基聚氨酯接枝的SWCNT(PU-g-SWCNT)和聚丙二醇接枝的 MWCNT(PPG-g-MWCNT),并將它們與PU制備成了PU復合材料。這2種材料的力學性能都有提高。PU中添加0.7%PU-g-SWCNT,其彈性模量相對于純PU和未接枝PU/SWCNT復合材料分別提高了約278%和188%。這是由于PU-g-SWCNT和PPG-g-MWCNT有更好的分散效果和更強的CNT和PU之間的界面相互作用。Wang等[77]也發現PU中添加1%~10%的PU改性的 MWCNT(PU-g-MWCNT)時會使拉伸強度提升63%~210%。儲能模量和軟段的玻璃化溫度(Tg)會隨著PU-g-MWCNT的添加量的提高而提高。復合材料軟段的Tg從-20℃移至-5℃,這顯示PU-g-MWCNT與PU基體中的軟段無定形區兼容。最近Mc Clory等[79]報道了用加成聚合反應制備的熱固性PU/MWCNT納米復合材料。添加0.1%和1%MWCNT到PU中,其彈性模量分別提高了97%和561%,然而,無論是0.1%還是1%MWCNT的添加量,其極限的拉伸強度都提高了397%。在這種復合材料中,添加0.1%CNT相比純PU,其斷裂伸長率從83%提高到了302%。
也有用熔融加工方法制備的復合材料纖維的力學性能提高的報道。材料纖維的彈性模量相比純PU纖維提高了27倍。Sen等[78]研究了用靜電紡絲技術制備的含有SWCNT的PU薄膜。酯基改性的PU/SWCNT薄膜的拉伸強度提高了104%,正切切線模量提高了250%。因此,這些在力學性能上的加強可以歸因于CNT在整個聚合物基體中的高分散度以及CNT與PU之間良好的界面相互作用。
聚酰亞胺(PI)由于其良好的介電性質,柔韌性,較高的Tg,優異的熱穩定性和輻射電阻特性而使其具有多種用途,如:封裝材料、電路板和層間介質等。PI在聚合物基CNT納米復合材料中可以充當十分優秀的聚合物基體[88-89]。不同PI復合材料的力學性能如表2所示[88,90-96],大部分的研究都報道了添加 CNT 可以提高PI的力學性能。例如,含有5%MWCNT-COOH的同位聚合的PI相比純PI在拉伸模量和拉伸強度上都有提高[91],分別提高了33%和7%。然而,相比純PI,未改性PI/CNT納米復合材料只顯示出了很小的增強作用。PI與MWCNT-COOH之間強的相互作用或許可以使PI/MWCNT-COOH材料在拉伸強度和拉伸模量上獲得更大的增強。

表2 PI/CNT復合材料的力學性能Tab.2 Mechanical properties of PI/CNT composites
正如之前討論過的,用含有—COOH基團的酸處理得到的改性MWCNT,其含有的—COOH基團有助于增進和PI鏈段中—O—基團的相互作用。另一項研究顯示了含有等離子體改性MWCNT的PI復合材料的拉伸模量和拉伸強度有緩慢的增加[93]。在PI中添加0.5%的等離子體改性MWCNT可以將拉伸模量從2.17GPa提高到4.56GPa,拉伸強度從124.5MPa提高到249MPa,分別提高110%和100%。這個令人印象深刻的結果歸功于在等離子體改性MWCNT和PI之間形成了化學鍵。當改性MWCNT含量更高時(高于0.5%),拉伸模量和拉伸強度反而下降,這個結 果 與 其 他 的 報 道 相 符[92,97]。Zhu 等[92]發 現,PI/MWCNT復合材料的拉伸強度在MWCNT含量小于5%時隨著MWCNT含量的增加而升高,之后繼續增加MWCNT含量,其拉伸強度開始下降。加入5%MWCNT的PI/MWCNT復合材料的拉伸強度相比純PI提高了40%,這歸因于MWCNT在納米復合材料中的良好分散。當MWCNT含量更高時,MWCNT不能獲得較好的分散,團聚成大的集束導致了拉伸強度的下降。Jiang等[97]也發現添加1.89% (體積分數)MWCNT的PI/MWCNT復合材料的彈性模量有明顯的提高,但繼續增加MWCNT的含量,則彈性模量開始下降。
有研究指出,在很低的SWCNT含量下(0.30%),PI/SWCNT 復合材料的力學性能相比純PI表現出了輕微的升高(拉伸強度升高5%,彈性模量升高18%),然而在更高的SWCNT含量下(1%),PI/SWCNT復合材料的力學性能顯示出了明顯的提升(拉 伸 強 度 升 高 9%,彈 性 模 量 升 高 90%)[90]。PI/CNT復合材料的力學性能取決于對CNT的改性方式。在較低含量的MWCNT(最大到0.99%)的情況下,氨基改性PI/CNT復合材料的拉伸性能高于酸改性PI/CNT復合材料[95]。然而,在MWCNT含量超過2.44%時,酸改性PI/CNT復合材料的拉伸性能要好于氨基改性PI/CNT復合材料。酸改性CNT可以和PI分子中的CO鍵形成氫鍵。然而,氨基改性CNT和聚酰胺酸的成鍵會降低它的亞胺化反應。聚酰胺酸的力學性能低于PI,同時聚酰胺酸也比PI更脆。因此,在PI中添加氨基改性CNT會影響PI基體的力學性能。通過添加乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷改性MWCNT對PI進行增強[94]的研究發現,0.5%的添加量就可以將拉伸模量和拉伸強度分別提高60%和61%。拉伸性能的提升取決于乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷和MWCNT的比例。當乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷與MWCNT的比例為2∶1時,復合材料顯示出了比其他比例的材料更好的拉伸性能,因為只有這個比例能夠在PI基體中構建互穿網絡。
許多其他的研究也發現了復合材料的模量有所增加,但拉伸強度卻沒有增加也沒有降低[96,98]。相比純的聚合物,CNT的加入會導致復合材料模量的增加和拉伸強度的下降(18%)。然而,彈性模量的增加是很少的,例如,添加14.3%CNT只能使其提高37%[98]。PI/SWCNT納米復合材料力學性能的提高取決于樣品的類型,如薄膜、棒形和纖維[96]。拉伸模量、極限強度和斷裂伸長率對于添加1%SWCNT的薄膜都有增加。對于擠出的復合材料棒材(直徑約1mm),力學性能沒有明顯的改變。但是當擠出的棒材被拉成更小的直徑時,其力學性能有了明顯的改變。這是因為隨著纖維直徑的下降,后續的纖維拉伸過程產生了不斷增加的徑向排列。
過去幾年,在CNT增強聚合物納米復合材料領域取得了長足的進展,大量的新型材料被研制出來,這些材料都有著出色的力學性能。在這些材料中,共價鍵改性的CNT對于增強聚合物來說是一種極好的添加劑,它可以在CNT與聚合物之間達到優良的應力應變傳遞。這些改性的關鍵都是找到一種方法來提高CNT在聚合物中的分散度。盡管有各種各樣的方法來實現分散度的提高,但是在提高分散度和改善界面性能方面仍然有許多機遇與挑戰。其中一個挑戰就是達到CNT的最優改性,這樣可以使CNT與聚合物基體之間的界面性質達到最佳,并同時提升CNT的分散度。
在實際應用中,熔融加工是最常用的制備CNT增強聚合物納米復合材料的方法,而其中的問題仍然需要解決。為了獲得最好的性能,選擇合適的CNT的改性方法、合適的聚合物基體、適當的加工條件如溫度、剪切速率和混合時間等都是十分重要的。總的來說,更好地分散在聚合物中的CNT以及改善它們之間的界面性質是研發出高性能聚合物基復合材料的關鍵。
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Research Progress in Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites
XIN Fei,XU Guozhi*
(School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Technology and Business University,Beijing 100048,China)
In this article,the recent progress in mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes(CNT)reinforced polymer composites was reviewed,with particular attention to polyurethane and polyimide based composites.Various functionalization methods in the modification of CNT were discussed,and the effectiveness of different processing techniques were compared.Finally,a future outlook for the development of CNT reinforced polymer composites was given.
polymer;carbon nanotube;composite;research progress
TQ322.3
A
1001-9278(2011)08-0001-09
2011-04-12
北京市屬高等學校人才強教計劃資助項目(PHR200907108)
*聯系人,xgzhi@btbu.edu.cn