強調(diào)是有效地進(jìn)行思想交流的重要手段之一。人們在交際中,為使自己的思想能被對方恰當(dāng)?shù)睦斫猓仨毻怀鲋匾膬?nèi)容,這就需要運用強調(diào)的手段。在現(xiàn)代英語中,強調(diào)的手段是多種多樣的,有語音手段、語法手段、詞匯手段、修辭手段等。在口語中,人們可以根據(jù)上下文的需要,借助音調(diào)的變化來表示,也就是重讀句中要強調(diào)的某個詞或某個部分。在書面語中,人們可以通過詞序的改變來達(dá)到強調(diào)的目的。試比較:① He gave me a book. ② He gave a book to me. 兩句意思基本相同,但側(cè)重點不同。前者強調(diào)給的是書而不是其他東西;后者強調(diào)他把書給了我而不是給了別人。另外,人們還常用顛倒正常詞序的手法來進(jìn)行強調(diào),例如:① Only in this way can we finish our work in time. ② Never did I dream of seeing him here. ③ Remarkably fine it is. 除了上述語音、語法手段外,人們更是常用詞匯手段來達(dá)到強調(diào)的目的。下面介紹一些常見的強調(diào)表示法,以幫助大家更好地掌握這一語法知識點。
1. do (does, did) 加強肯定句中現(xiàn)在時態(tài)和過去時態(tài)動詞的語意。注意原形動詞前加do (does, did)才是強調(diào)用法。例如:
①——Do you like the novel Jane Eyre? 你喜歡《簡#8226;愛》這本小說嗎?
——Yes, I do like it. 是的,我的確喜歡它。
②He said that he would come and he did come. 他說過他要來,他果真來了。
2. “It is/was+被強調(diào)部分+that/who/whom+句子的其余部分”強調(diào)句型。
該句型可以用來強調(diào)句中除謂語之外的任何部分;不論強調(diào)句子的哪一部分,都可用that連接句子的其余部分;被強調(diào)部分指人且作主語或賓語時,可用who代替that,被強調(diào)部分指人且作賓語時,也可用whom代替who。例如:
①It is I who/that am to blame. 應(yīng)該受責(zé)備的是我。
②I have nothing to confess. What it is that you want me to say?
我沒有什么要承認(rèn)的。你想要我說什么呢?
③It is only when one is ill that one realizes the value of health.
人只有生了病才意識到健康的價值。
3. very 加強名詞的語意。very這樣用時,前面帶the, this, that或所有格代詞my, his等。例如:
①At that very moment the telephone rang. 就在那個時候電話鈴響了。
②You are the very person (that) I want to see. 你正是我想要見的人。
4. ever加強疑問詞what, which, who, where, when, why, how等的語意。書寫時,ever和疑問詞分開寫。可譯為“究竟/到底”。例如:
①What ever do you mean by saying that? 你說那話究竟是什么意思?
②When/Where/How ever did you lose your car? 你到底什么時候/在什么地方/怎么丟了車的呢?
另外,ever還可以用來加強so, such的意思。在比較句中,ever用來加強as…as…語氣。例如:
①Thank you ever so much. 非常感謝你。
②I’ll tell him as soon as ever he arrives. 他一到我就告訴他。
5.even用來加強語氣。表示沒有料到的或使人驚奇的事情,用于表意外的詞語前。例如:
①Even the sun has spots. 就連太陽也有黑點。
②He has read very few English novels—not even Jane Eyre.
他很少看英文小說,就連《簡#8226;愛》也沒看過。
6.反身代詞itself, oneself加強名詞或代詞的語意。可譯作“親自/即使/也”。例如:
①The moon itself cannot give us light. 月亮本身不會給我們一點光亮。
②Confucius himself was not free from faults. 人非圣賢,孰能無過。
7.“all+抽象名詞”表示強調(diào)語氣。all+抽象名詞=very+形容詞,但語氣更強。例如:
①Safety is all importance. 安全第一。
②He is all kindness. (=very kind/kindness itself) 他非常和藹可親。
8.at all 加強否定句或條件句的語氣。at all這樣用時,可譯為“根本”。有時也可用于疑問句和肯定句中。例如:
①If it were not for the sun, we could not live at all.
如果沒有太陽,我們就根本不可能生存。
②If you do anything at all, you should do it thoroughly.
如果你真要做什么事情,就應(yīng)當(dāng)把它徹底做好。
9.the last 表示強烈的否定意義。例如:
①I would be the last person in the world to deny this. 我決不否認(rèn)這一點。
②This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 我萬萬沒有想到會在這兒碰上你。
10.many a 表示“許許多多”的意思。后跟單數(shù)名詞,比many的語氣更強。例如:
①Many a student has realized the importance of learning a foreign language.
許許多多的學(xué)生已認(rèn)識到學(xué)外語的重要性。
②Many a little makes a mickle. 積少成多。/集腋成裘。
11.in the world, on earth, under the sun 等,表示強調(diào)。用于疑問句和否定句,分別作“究竟”和“全然”講。例如:
①Where under the sun did you go? 你究竟上哪兒去了?
②Nothing on earth will satisfy him. 什么也不能滿足他。
12.the hell, the devil和疑問詞who, what, where等連用,加強語氣。意思是“究竟/到底”。例如:
①Where the hell have you been hiding? 你究竟躲到哪里去了?
②Who the devil is the one standing over there? 站在那邊的那個人到底是誰?
13.not for the world, not for worlds, not on your life 表示強烈的否定。例如:
①I wouldn’t hurt her feelings for the world. 我決不傷害她的感情。
②Not for worlds would he let his children go hungry. 他決不會讓孩子們挨餓。
14.little 后跟動詞know, suspect, believe, realize, think, guess, imagine, understand等,表示強烈的否定。其意思相當(dāng)于not at all。例如:
①Little does he know that the police are about to arrest him.
他根本不知道警察就要逮捕他了。
②They little suspect that their secret has been discovered.
他們絲毫沒有想到秘密已被人發(fā)現(xiàn)了。
15.not后跟 half, nearly, possibly表示強烈的否定。例如:
①My work is not half done yet. 我的工作根本還沒有做。
②He can not possibly forget it. 他無論如何也不會忘記。
16.anything like, anywhere near等,用于否定句,加強語氣。例如:
①This book is nothing like as difficult as I expected. 這本書遠(yuǎn)沒我想象的那么難。
②She isn’t anywhere near as kind as he is. 她根本不象他那樣和氣。
17.nice/good and 強調(diào)其后的形容詞或副詞。例如:
①He was nice and angry. 他非常生氣。
②Don’t rush me. I’ll do it when I am good and ready.
別催我,等我完全準(zhǔn)備好了就去做它。
18.still/much less, still/much more 分別表示強烈否定和肯定。例如:
①He does not know arithmetic, still less algebra. 他倆算術(shù)都不懂,就更別提代數(shù)了。
②Everyone has a right to enjoy his liberties, much more his life.
每個人都有權(quán)利享受自己的自由,更何況其生命。
19.let alone表示強烈否定或肯定。例如:
①I know the whole tune, let alone the words. 不用說歌詞,就是整個歌曲我都知道。
②The baby can’t even walk, let alone run. 嬰兒連走路都不會,更談不上跑了。
20.to say the least, not to speak of, not to mention, to say nothing of 加強肯定或否定的語氣。例如:
①He has experience, to say nothing of (=as well as) scholarship.
他有經(jīng)驗,又有學(xué)問/更不必說學(xué)問了。
He has no scholarship, to say nothing of (=much less) experience.
他沒有學(xué)問,更說不上經(jīng)驗了。
21.much, far, by far, still, a great/good deal, all the, a lot, lots, (a) little, (hardly) any, even, rather, very much, somewhat, a bit, ever, slightly, no等,加強形容詞或副詞的比較級或最高級。其中,by far可放在比較級或最高級之前或之后;all the用來加強形容詞或副詞的比較級或跟比較級形容詞、副詞和從句連用,代替形容詞或副詞的最高級。例如:
①She is a good/great deal better today. 她今天身體好多了。
He is by far the tallest among us./He is the tallest by far among us.
他在我們這些人中間個子最高。
②Opening the windows made it all the hotter. 打開窗戶反而更熱。
22.possible, imaginable, conceivable, in existence, alive跟在“the+形容詞最高級+名詞”之后,加強語氣。例如:
①We should finish the work within the shortest time possible.
我們應(yīng)該在最短時間內(nèi)完成這項工作。
②This is the best thing imaginable. 這是再好不過的東西了。
23.if ever, if any, if…at all引導(dǎo)從句加強主句的意思。例如:
① He can do it, if ever one can. (=If he can’t do it, no one can.)
如果有人會做這件事,他一定會做。
該句可改寫為:
② He can do it, if any one can. 或:He can do it, if there is one who can at all.
24.if a 說明一個人的年齡、身高等。例如:
①I guess that the old man is in his seventies, if a day. 我猜這老人一定七十多歲了。
②The crowd is 2,000 strong, if a man. 人群無論如何不下兩千人。
25.and that, and…at that加強其后的詞或詞組。that是代詞,代替前面整句的意思,可譯為“而且”。例如:
①He only speaks English and that not very well. 他只會講英語,而且講的不是很好。
②It’s an idea, and a good one at that. 這倒是個主意,而且是個好主意。
26.進(jìn)行時態(tài)(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時或過去進(jìn)行時)往往用來強調(diào)主語的某種特征。這樣用時便帶有感情色彩和力量。例如:
①The kind-hearted woman is always doing things for others.
這個心地善良的女人總是幫別人的忙。(贊揚)
②You are always forgetting to take your keys with you when going out.
你外出時老是忘記帶鑰匙。(不滿或責(zé)備)
27.the more…, the more…特殊比較句型。該句型表示進(jìn)度成正比例。可譯為“越……越……”。前一個the是關(guān)系副詞,后一個the是指示副詞,前面是從句,后面是主句。例如:
①The more books you read, the wider your knowledge is.書讀得越多,知識就越淵博。
②The smaller the mind (is), the greater the conceit (is). 心胸越狹窄, 則越自大。
28.so am I, so do I (肯定); neither/nor am I, neither do I (否定)表示強調(diào)。例如:
①You have finished your homework. So have I(=I have finished my homework too).
你已經(jīng)做完作業(yè)。我也做完了。
②He oughtn’t to make such a mistake. Neither ought you. 他不應(yīng)該犯這樣的錯誤。你也不應(yīng)該。
29.all (that)…表示強調(diào)。句中的all(=the only thing) 有“只/不過”的意思。例如:
①All (that) you have to do is studying hard. 你只要發(fā)奮用功就好了。
②That is all that I can do to help you. 我能幫你的就是這些。
30.what, who, where, when 引導(dǎo)的部分強調(diào)句式。這種結(jié)構(gòu)只用來強調(diào)句中的主語和賓語。例如:
①What my younger daughter likes is chocolate cake. 我的小女兒喜歡的是巧克力蛋糕。
②This is where the accident took place. 這就是事故的發(fā)生地點。