“如何猜測(cè)詞義”英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)題復(fù)習(xí)課教學(xué)思路

英語(yǔ)知識(shí)專(zhuān)題復(fù)習(xí)是高三英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)課的重頭戲，很多老師都感慨要上好一節(jié)專(zhuān)題復(fù)習(xí)課很難。復(fù)習(xí)課難上的原因是備課難即教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)難。教學(xué)理論告訴我們教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)的核心是對(duì)教學(xué)內(nèi)容的提煉與整合，要想實(shí)施高效益的教學(xué)，教師就要花大量時(shí)間在課前整合復(fù)習(xí)內(nèi)容，合理設(shè)定目標(biāo)，進(jìn)行教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)。今年高三復(fù)習(xí)，筆者特別關(guān)注如何提高課堂教學(xué)的針對(duì)性和有效性，實(shí)施了新的教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)。現(xiàn)對(duì)所上過(guò)的一節(jié)專(zhuān)題復(fù)習(xí)課“如何猜測(cè)詞義”進(jìn)行回顧與反思。

一、課前準(zhǔn)備過(guò)程

在高三復(fù)習(xí)中，學(xué)生在做閱讀理解題時(shí)，猜測(cè)詞義的題往往正確率較低，而這類(lèi)題在高考中一般會(huì)有三道題左右。所以學(xué)生主動(dòng)要求老師為他們?cè)黾硬聹y(cè)詞義的技巧和方法方面的知識(shí)。為此，我為這節(jié)專(zhuān)題復(fù)習(xí)課作了充分的準(zhǔn)備，從三方面作了考慮：一是設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)吸引學(xué)生的課堂導(dǎo)入；二是收集以往有代表性的高考題，讓學(xué)生了解和思考；三是準(zhǔn)備一些有實(shí)效性的練習(xí)內(nèi)容，進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充加強(qiáng)。

二、課堂導(dǎo)入設(shè)計(jì)

經(jīng)過(guò)認(rèn)真思考后，筆者決定突出課堂導(dǎo)入的新穎性和趣味性。首先在powerpoint課件上展現(xiàn)一個(gè)生詞“ocelot”請(qǐng)同學(xué)們猜其詞義。然后出示一段文字：In fact， only about 80 ocelots， an endangered wild cat， exist in the U.S. today（2005年高考浙江卷）。通過(guò)下文中對(duì)該詞的解釋?zhuān)眯W(xué)生都可以猜測(cè)出其詞義為：一種瀕臨滅絕的野貓。這時(shí)再打出這堂課的題目：Practical Skills in Word Guessing。這個(gè)游戲式的課堂導(dǎo)入立即抓住了學(xué)生的注意力，讓學(xué)生明白遇到生詞時(shí)，通過(guò)掌握一定的技巧和方法，可以從上下文中猜測(cè)出其詞義來(lái)。

三、介紹猜測(cè)詞義的技巧及方法

讓學(xué)生回顧以往做過(guò)的測(cè)驗(yàn)題及練習(xí)題，并從中推導(dǎo)出解題的方法。這種以練習(xí)為主、重復(fù)訓(xùn)練的方式，提高了課堂教學(xué)的實(shí)效性。學(xué)生的練在前，推導(dǎo)在后，老師的講在關(guān)鍵處，做到了復(fù)習(xí)的最優(yōu)化。這堂課上，筆者所選用的題目都是學(xué)生以往做過(guò)的：

1． Do you know what a “territory” is ? A territory is an area that an animal ， usually the male， claims as its own.（2005年湖北卷）

根據(jù)定義可推測(cè)其詞義為： 動(dòng)物地盤(pán)

2． He was a prestidigitator who entertained the children by pulling rabbits out of hats，swallowing fire， and other similar tricks.

根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句猜測(cè)詞義為：變戲法的人

3． Tornadoes (violent and destructive whirl wind)normally occur on hot， humid (a little wet) day， but not necessarily in the summer.

根據(jù)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)內(nèi)的解釋猜測(cè)詞義為：旋風(fēng)；潮濕的

4． William Shakespeare said，“The web of our life is of a mingled yarn(紗線(xiàn))， good and ill together.”（2005年江蘇卷）

The underlined word “mingled” in most probably means?_______?.

A. simple B. mixed

C. sad D. happy

根據(jù)同義詞、近義詞猜測(cè)詞義為：B

5． I feel that since you are my superior ， it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”（2005年上海卷）

The word “presumptuous” is closest in meaning to_________.

A． full of respect

B． too confident and rude

C． lacking in experience

D． too shy and quiet

根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義為：B

6． A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.What does the underlined word “hassle” probably mean? （2002年NMET）

A. a party designed by specialists

B. a plan requiring careful thought

C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble

D. a demand made by guests

根據(jù)對(duì)比關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義為：C

7． ...said Emily Cornette， head of a chapter of the 7-year-old Red Hat Society. (05全國(guó)卷)

A. one branch of an organization

B. a written agreement of a club

C. one part of a collection of poems

D. a period in a society’s history

根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)常識(shí)猜測(cè)詞義為：A

8． Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?

根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)詞義為：男女同校教育的

四、教師堂上小結(jié)

根據(jù)同學(xué)們推斷出的這些結(jié)論，老師再做一些提綱挈領(lǐng)的總結(jié)：

1． 猜測(cè)詞義題常見(jiàn)的題干有：

1) Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word？

2) The word... could best be replaced by.

3) In the... paragraph， the word... means … (refers to…).

4) According to the passage，... probably means...

5) The author uses the word... to mean...

2． 猜測(cè)詞義的技巧：

一是通過(guò)上下文猜詞，即根據(jù)一個(gè)詞所處的具體的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境，運(yùn)用有關(guān)線(xiàn)索，如同義詞、反義詞、舉例、重述或定義等推測(cè)詞義，也可以運(yùn)用邏輯推理和其他的知識(shí)，如生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)、普通常識(shí)等推斷詞義。

二是通過(guò)構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)詞義，指依靠構(gòu)詞法方面的知識(shí)，從生詞本身猜測(cè)詞義，包括合成法(compounding)、派生法(derivation)和轉(zhuǎn)化法(conversion)，合成法: handwriting， mass-produce；派生法: worker， widen， unhappy， irregular；轉(zhuǎn)化法: visit our school， pay a visit to our school.

五、課堂有效練習(xí)及講評(píng)

在學(xué)生領(lǐng)悟和弄清了閱讀理解題目中的猜測(cè)詞義題“考什么”“怎么考”后，老師再按照高考的命題要求和規(guī)律，為學(xué)生精心選編練習(xí)。練習(xí)過(guò)程中要重視利用學(xué)生資源，采用學(xué)生相互講評(píng)和老師講評(píng)相結(jié)合、集體講評(píng)和個(gè)別點(diǎn)評(píng)相結(jié)合、重點(diǎn)講評(píng)和一筆帶過(guò)講評(píng)相結(jié)合的方式，抓大放小，特別注重講與不講的細(xì)節(jié)，講多講少的細(xì)節(jié)。引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行認(rèn)真總結(jié)，通過(guò)講評(píng)找準(zhǔn)自己的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，提高復(fù)習(xí)的針對(duì)性、有效性，幫助學(xué)生逐步掌握猜測(cè)詞義題的解題方法和解題技能。

這堂課上筆者所選用的練習(xí)如下：

Word Guessing Exercises:

What do the following underlined words most probably mean?

1. Ventilation， as you know， is a system or means of providing fresh air. It plays a very important part in the field of engineering.

ventilation:_________

2. A person or thing beyond comparison， a model of excellence， is known as a paragon.

paragon:_________

3. The new tax law supersedes， or replaces， the law that was in effect last year.

supersede：_________

4. Mother was tall， fat and middle-aged. The principal of the school was an older woman， almost as plump as mother， and much shorter.

plump：_________

5. In the past the world seemed to run in an orderly way. Now， however， everything seems to be in a state of turmoil.

in a state of turmoil:_________

……

（答案：1. 通風(fēng) 2. 模范人物3. 取代，接替4. 肥胖的5. 一片混亂）

Multiple Choice:

1. The old woman has a strange habit to keep over 100 cats in her house. Her neighbors all called her an eccentric lady.

An eccentric lady is likely

_________.

A. to get along with easily

B. to be different from most people

C. to be humor and lovely

D. to be serious and beloved

2. Before the main business of a conference begins， the chairman usually makes a short preliminary speech， or makes a few preliminary remarks. In other words， he says a few things by way of introduction.

What do the underlined words “preliminary speech” mean?

A. A speech to give a brief introduction.

B. A speech to make the atmosphere active.

C. A speech to attract the attention of the listeners.

D. A speech to make the listeners laugh.

……

（答案：1. B2. A）

六、課后反思及改進(jìn)

這節(jié)課強(qiáng)調(diào)以練習(xí)為主線(xiàn)，讓學(xué)生在較輕松愉快的情境中接觸往年的高考題，通過(guò)大量的課堂練習(xí)來(lái)加深印象，鞏固基礎(chǔ)。整堂課容量大，設(shè)計(jì)緊緊抓住學(xué)生的興趣。學(xué)生普遍反映對(duì)猜測(cè)詞義題已懂得從何處入手，并表示會(huì)在課后去找更多的同類(lèi)練習(xí)來(lái)進(jìn)行鞏固。

這節(jié)復(fù)習(xí)課存在的問(wèn)題是對(duì)知識(shí)點(diǎn)的講解較膚淺，缺乏更系統(tǒng)、更深入地挖掘，堂上的一些練習(xí)也難度較大，學(xué)生感到有壓力。改進(jìn)之處是：應(yīng)將構(gòu)詞法這一系統(tǒng)的知識(shí)提前編排好，并在課前發(fā)給學(xué)生預(yù)習(xí)；另外應(yīng)補(bǔ)充一些與閱讀文章配套的較完整的猜測(cè)詞義的課后練習(xí)進(jìn)行加強(qiáng)鞏固。

責(zé)任編輯潘孟良