摘 要:“據(jù)”類介詞在實際語言的交際中,雖不是一個很常用的格式,但在書面語言(說明文、文學(xué)作品、法律文書和商貿(mào)文件)中卻是常用的格式。因此準(zhǔn)確地將漢語中的“據(jù)”類結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯成英文,正確理解“據(jù)”結(jié)構(gòu)中表主觀、客觀的意義就顯得尤為重要。本文就“據(jù)”類介詞結(jié)構(gòu)語法意義及其英文常見的翻譯做了簡單的分析和歸納。
關(guān)鍵詞:“據(jù)” 介詞結(jié)構(gòu) 主觀 客觀
一、引言
本文所檢索的語料共計2876萬字。語料文體有:說明文(社科、科技文)、文學(xué)作品(小說、散文、紀(jì)實)、法律文書等。所檢索的介詞有“按、按照、依、依照、依據(jù)、據(jù)、根據(jù)、照、在、就、正如”等。這些詞除了可以充當(dāng)介詞外,也兼任其他詞類,對此本文不予討論。
由這些引出依據(jù)的介詞所構(gòu)成的語料在實際語言的交際中,約占語料總數(shù)的2.6%,屬于一個不常用的格式,但在漢英翻譯中,尤其是在政治,文學(xué)作品和法律文書中卻又是必不可缺的格式。因此有必要正確理解“據(jù)”類結(jié)構(gòu)中表主觀、客觀依據(jù)的意義及習(xí)慣表達法。下面試對“據(jù)”類結(jié)構(gòu)中的用法及常見的譯法作點粗淺的分析。
二、“據(jù)”類語法義翻譯
“據(jù)”類介詞通常用在名詞、代詞或詞組前,表示動作所憑借、依據(jù)的對象(現(xiàn)代漢語孫汝建)?!案鶕?jù)”以某種事物或動作為前提或基礎(chǔ),引出前提或基礎(chǔ)(現(xiàn)代漢語實用語法李裕德)。常見的“據(jù)”類結(jié)構(gòu):按、按照、依、依照、根據(jù)、照、在、就、正如等?!案鶕?jù)、按、按照”等表方式、方法、依據(jù)的靜態(tài)介詞,不能夠充當(dāng)主謂賓(實用現(xiàn)代漢語 袁彩云)。這些詞后面的內(nèi)容既可以概括側(cè)重在介紹主觀看法和介紹客觀事實兩個不同的方面。其中以介紹客觀事實的例句居多,而接名詞、人稱代詞的事例表主觀看法的很少,僅占所查資料的0.08%。
1.在正式文體里“據(jù)”常見表客觀事實的譯法有:according to, in accordance with, on the company,in conformity with,on the grounds of,as regards to, in the light of ,in line with,quoted as, as,as follows, on the ground of, by結(jié)構(gòu)等?!皳?jù)”若譯為accordingto,后面接人、書、報等,表示消息的來源或出處。其用法在正式語體中使用頻率最高。且according to 作“根據(jù)某人意見,根據(jù)...報告”解時,此時不能與in line with或in accordance with等通用。
(1)根據(jù)會議部署,中央和全國各地今后將繼續(xù)加大對西藏的支持力度,進一步為加強西藏的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造更加有利的條件。
According to the plan adopted at the conference, the Central Government and all localities throughout the country will intensify their support to Tibet and help create even more favorable conditions for its development.
(From speech by Hu Jintao at the Rally in celebration of the 50th Anniversary of the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet)
*“據(jù)”類后接動詞表客觀事實,也常用被動語態(tài)表達法It is/was + v-ed that形式,如:。
(2)據(jù)報告,敵人當(dāng)時離那里只有十里。
It is reported that the enemy were ten li away.
類似的還有“據(jù)聞(悉)……”It is learned that...;據(jù)推測……It is supposed that...;據(jù)估計(預(yù)計)It is estimated (predicated,calculated) that...等等。
*在文學(xué)作品中,“按”類常見的譯法:on the company,in the light of,on the basis of,by,due to等。
(3)他按照連長石東根的吩咐,要把寫好的戰(zhàn)斗總結(jié),一份一份親自送到營部、團部、師部一直到軍部……
On the company commander Shi Donggen’s instructions he was taking copies of the final version of the battle summary to each headquarters in turn——to battalion to regiment, to division, right up to Army headquarters...
(From Red Sun by Wu Qiang)
(4)中國的事情要按照中國的情況來辦,要依靠中國人自己的力量來辦。
China’s affairs should be run in the light of China’s specific conditions and by the Chinese people themselves.
(Excerpts From the Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping)
(5)瑣事就按瑣事處理,要事按要事處理,這是偉人的標(biāo)志。
It is the mark of great people to treat trifles as trifles and important matters as important .
(6) 列車按計劃將于六點鐘開出。
The train is due to leave at six.
(7)在這樣一個問題上,按照世俗哲學(xué)家的暗示行事,那是有罪的。
It would be sinful ,in such a question,to follow the clew of profane philosophy .
(From The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne )
*在表示“根據(jù)/依照合同、規(guī)定、貿(mào)易規(guī)定”等時,according to 較口語化,in line with和in accordance with為書面語并且最為正式,所以一般不用according to。如:
(8)兩國根據(jù)和平共處的原則,同意建立外交關(guān)系。
The two countries agree to establish diplomatic relationship in accordance with the principle of peaceful co-existence .
(9)雙方一致認為,按照《中華人民共和國中外合資經(jīng)營企業(yè)法》和平等互利原則,建立一座現(xiàn)代化大型電子工廠是可行的。
Both parties unanimously hold that in accordance with the law of the People’s Republic of China on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment ,and in conformity with the principle of equality ,mutual benefit and cooperation ,it may be feasible to build a large ,modernized electronic factory.
(10)合作企業(yè)應(yīng)當(dāng)按照國家有關(guān)規(guī)定聘任中國注冊會計師進行查帳驗證。
The joint ventures shall,in line with related provisions of Chinese laws,commission accountants registered in China to audit and check their financial accounts.
2.在法律語言中,“根據(jù)/依據(jù)”常見的表達法如下(按其使用頻率的程度大小排列)如下:
1)The following interim procedures...are formulated according to the...
2) These rules are formulated pursuant to the Interim Regulation of the People’s Republic of China...
3) ...these measures are formulated based on...
4)Pursuant to the constitution ,this law is enacted for the purpose of...
例如:
(11)遵照一九五九年九月十七日中華人民共和國主席特赦令,本院對在押的偽滿洲國戰(zhàn)爭罪犯愛新覺羅·溥儀進行了審查。
In accordance with the Special Pardon Order issued by the Chairman of the People’s Republic of China on September 17th,1959,this court has investigated the case of the“Manchukuo” war criminal Aisin-Gioro PuYi.
3.“據(jù)”表主觀看法的翻譯與其客觀事實的譯法基本相似:有according to, in accordance with ,on the company,等
(12)據(jù)我觀察,她待人熱情,有合作的精神,活潑開朗。
According to my observation ,she is enthusiastic ,cooperative and cheerful.
4.商貿(mào)中“據(jù)”類的翻譯有:according to, as per, as,for,on,in according to/with,quote,comply with等。
(13)根據(jù)我們的日常習(xí)慣,我們寧愿將出口貨物交中國人民保險公司保險。
According to our usual practice we prefer our export shipment to be insured by the People’s Insurance Company of China.
(14) 根據(jù)你方要求,我們按發(fā)票金額的110%支付保險。
On your instructions ,we have covered the insurance for 110% of the invoice value .
(15)按中國的這一比例
Based on China’s percentage / Calculated according to China’s percentage
5.“據(jù)”類結(jié)構(gòu)在有些譯文中為使譯文更言簡意賅,更恰如其分,出現(xiàn)了省略現(xiàn)象。如下面幾例:
(16)在群眾看來有前途的年輕人談親事的時候,還不得不顧及點。
It was better for promising young people in love to be a bit careful.
(From Builder’s of New Life by Liu Qing)
三、“據(jù)”類引申語義的翻譯
“據(jù)”引申結(jié)構(gòu)主要指介賓短語后直接出現(xiàn)動詞的情況,即“據(jù)”后面接人名、人稱代詞等名詞,再接表動作動詞或心理的動詞如“說、講、看、了解、估計、預(yù)測”等詞的模式。這些結(jié)構(gòu)多是表示主觀看法,所索引的事例406句,表主觀看法的事例362句,占總語料庫的89.2%。“據(jù)”引申結(jié)構(gòu)有:據(jù)……看/說、依……看/說、在……看來、就……而言、正如……說、就……看來,對……而言等,當(dāng)然,“據(jù)”類還包括“基于、鑒于”等。常見的譯法有according to;based on;in sb.’s opinion;as far as sb/sth is concerned;for;on;concerning;quoted as;to等。
1.表客觀事實的翻譯常用according to, based on, as for,as regard to, to等
(17) 梅生死后不久,我收到一個遠房親戚的信,按輩分來說,這人我們該叫他姑夫……
Not long after Meisheng’s death,I received a letter from a distant relative whom, according to family custom we addressed as “uncle”.
(From My Family by Tao Cheng)
(18)就吃喝而言,“全球化的問題”只有一個,就是吃飽了撐的。
As regards to eating and drinking, there is no such issue of “globalization”.If there is, it must be found out of nothing.
(A Psychoanalys s of Fast Foods by Shen Hongfei)
2.表主觀看法的“據(jù)”類引申結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯。
(19)就我所見,目前國內(nèi)的中小學(xué)生,為了升學(xué)考試,學(xué)業(yè)負擔(dān)普遍偏重,而一旦進入大學(xué)之后,便不同程度地出現(xiàn)松散現(xiàn)象。
As far as I know,students in the primary and middle schools are generally loaded with too much schoolwork for the entrance examinations, but they will relax quite a lot in their efforts as soon as they come into the University.
(From Is Your Teacher Strict by Zhang Yixing)
(20)依我看/依我之見,下崗是經(jīng)濟技術(shù)發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果,發(fā)展需要有競爭力、專業(yè)性的人才。
In my opinion, off-position is the natural result of economical and technological development, which requires people to be competitive and professional.
*在口語中,作評論時“依我看”可譯作I must say.
(21) 依我看,那可太愚蠢了。
Well ,that’s daft, I must say.
四、結(jié)語
“據(jù)”類結(jié)構(gòu)在中文領(lǐng)域里有其重要性,在跨文化交際中很值得研究與探索。本文中,筆者廣泛收集相關(guān)資料并對此類結(jié)構(gòu)做了簡要的介紹與概括。其中“據(jù)”類翻譯以according to,in light of, on the basis of, in line with, as分句,in one’s opinion,in conformity with,on,等形式居多。借此文給大家一個參考,以便使大家對“據(jù)”類翻譯有個更深刻的了解,從而不需過分拘于形式,根據(jù)具體情況對此結(jié)構(gòu)進行變通,使中國的漢字文化更體現(xiàn)出其文化底蘊。
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