非謂語動詞中過去分詞的用法你掌握了多少呢?經常給自己的語法知識梳梳辮子, 能夠讓你腦中有一個清晰的語法網絡。下面讓我們具體來看看過去分詞的一些主要用法吧!
過去分詞在句中不可作謂語。它相當于形容詞和副詞,在句中可用作定語、表語、狀語、補語等。過去分詞的邏輯主語一般可在句中找到。
1. 作定語。多表已完成的動作。單個過去分詞作定語置于被修飾的名詞之前,過去分詞短語作定語置于被修飾的名詞后。例如:
This is one of the factories built in the 1970’s.
2. 作表語。總是在聯系動詞之后,構成系表結構,表示主語所處的狀態。這種系表結構和被動結構相同,但后者表示主語所承受的動作。例如:
Never touch an electric wire when it is broken.
3. 作賓語補足語。其前的動詞多是感覺動詞和使役動詞。主要用在“主語+have/get/find…… +賓語+過去分詞”的句型中。have是使役動詞,它在這種結構中不做“有”解,而作“請”“派”“使”解,我們學過的使役動詞have常用在以下兩種結構中:
(1)have sb. doing/do sth.表示“讓某人干某事”(cause sb. to do sth.)。have 后面的賓語是“人”,后跟-ing或不帶to的不定式,做賓語補足語。例如:
We have never had women working in the army before.
He had the old tailor make/making a new coat for him.
(2)have sth. done結構有三種不同的含義:
表示“請/讓/叫別人(為自己做某事)”的意思,強調主語的意志,這里的“別人”雖然沒有在have sth. done結構中明顯的表現出來,但確有此意。例如:
I had my tap repaired.( = I asked sb. to repair my tap.)
I must have my hair cut.( = I must let the barber cut my hair .)
注意:不要把have sth. done和have done sth.混淆起來。后者是現在完成時的結構,have是助動詞,本身無詞義;而前者have是使役動詞,本身有詞義。試比較:
He had his watch repaired.(別人修)
He has repaired his watch.(自己修)
過去分詞用于賓語補足語除了用于have sth. done這種結構外,也可以用于get sth. done或find sth. done結構。get sth. done結構的意思和have sth. done結構的意思很相近,get在這種結構中也是使役動詞,也做“請”“派”解。例如:
We got our TV set repaired last week.
find sth. done 結構的意思是“發現某物已經……”或“發現某物被……”,這個結構中的過去分詞done表明賓語現在的情況,含“完成”或“被動”的意思。例如:
I found all the windows broken. ( = All the windows were broken.)
The next morning people found the world outside their house completely changed.
還可以用make oneself/sth. done或keep sth. done或hear sth. done結構。make和keep在此結構中也作“使……”,hear作“聽到”。例如:
You must make yourself respected.
He heard his name called.
You have got to keep the door locked.
4. 作狀語。過去分詞用作狀語,相當于副詞,通常表示時間、原因、條件、讓步、方式、伴隨情況等。
Thrown to the floor, she regained her footing and rushed into the street. (表時間)
Moved by his words, I accepted his present.(表原因)
Taken in time, the medicine will be quite effective.(表條件)
Mocked at by everybody, he had her sympathy.(表讓步)
If law-breakers went unpunished, the society will be in disorder.(表方式)
The teacher stood there, surrounded by many students.(表伴隨)
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