從中國(guó)第一個(gè)王朝夏朝開(kāi)始,先后有13個(gè)朝代的100多個(gè)帝王在這兒坐過(guò)龍廷,有3600年的都城歷史。“生在蘇杭,死葬北邙”,歷代有多少帝王將相、王公貴族、達(dá)官貴人葬于此地。洛陽(yáng),這座位于黃河之畔、邙山腳下的古都,你知道在它的地下挖掘出多少宮殿遺址和稀世珍寶嗎?……
我國(guó)七大古都之一的洛陽(yáng),以建都時(shí)間最早、歷時(shí)最長(zhǎng)、朝代最多著稱。50多年來(lái),特別是近20年來(lái),經(jīng)文物考古工作者的苦苦追尋和不懈探索,洛陽(yáng)眾多的文化遺存陸續(xù)浮出水面,這些出土文物使一處處文獻(xiàn)記載得以證實(shí),一個(gè)個(gè)歷史謎團(tuán)悄悄揭開(kāi),一層層傳聞迷霧終于廓清。2004年9月30日,在洛陽(yáng)博物館展出的“魅力洛陽(yáng)·河洛地區(qū)文物考古成果精華展”向世人展示了千年帝都的本來(lái)面目和真實(shí)容顏,她燦爛輝煌的歷史和博大精深的文化,讓世人擊節(jié)贊賞,嘆為觀止。
我國(guó)最早的青銅酒器
20多年來(lái),洛陽(yáng)市的文物鉆探隊(duì)伍配合基本建設(shè),共發(fā)現(xiàn)不同時(shí)代的重要古墓葬36000余座,灰坑、燒窯、河道、古井、地窖、倉(cāng)窖、車馬坑、道路等遺跡15000余處,許多重大的考古發(fā)現(xiàn),首先是由文物鉆探提供第一手資料,這是名揚(yáng)中外的“洛陽(yáng)鏟”的功勞。二里頭夏都遺址、偃師商城遺址的發(fā)現(xiàn),使大量的出土文物見(jiàn)證歷史,昭示文明,這是古都洛陽(yáng)的魅力所在。
古代在洛陽(yáng)建都的有13個(gè)王朝,100多個(gè)帝王,歷時(shí)1600多年。每個(gè)朝代定都洛陽(yáng)后都曾在洛陽(yáng)進(jìn)行過(guò)大規(guī)模的營(yíng)建工程,因而洛陽(yáng)的城池宏偉,城廓巍峨,宮闕壯麗,由于帝王貴族死后都葬于洛陽(yáng),遂有“生在蘇杭,死葬北邙”“邙山無(wú)臥牛之地”的說(shuō)法。洛陽(yáng)迄今為止已發(fā)掘出夏都斟城、商都西亳城、周都王城、周都成周城、漢魏故城、隋唐東都城的遺址以及數(shù)以萬(wàn)計(jì)的古墓。
被稱為“華夏第一都”的夏代都城遺址在洛陽(yáng)偃師二里頭村,從發(fā)掘出的宮城城垣和宮殿基址看,這座3600多年前的都城規(guī)劃縝密,布局嚴(yán)密,其中一二號(hào)宮殿是我國(guó)發(fā)現(xiàn)的最早的大型宮殿遺址,它開(kāi)創(chuàng)了中國(guó)古代宮殿建筑的先河。面積10萬(wàn)平方米的二里頭宮城遺址被評(píng)為2004年“中國(guó)六大考古新發(fā)現(xiàn)之一,二里頭遺址還發(fā)掘出數(shù)十座墓葬,隨葬品有銅器、玉器、陶器等。于這里出土的并陳列在“精華展”中的一尊青銅酒器和一件鑲嵌綠松石銅牌飾,是我國(guó)目前發(fā)現(xiàn)同類器物中最早的實(shí)物資料,乃國(guó)之瑰寶。那酒器腹部有橫排5顆乳釘,故名乳釘紋銅器,為出土的青銅酒器中最完美者,它高22.5厘米,長(zhǎng)31.3厘米,前有長(zhǎng)流,后有尖尾,束腰平頂,三棱足像鳥的雙腳和尾,整體造型優(yōu)美,為我國(guó)目前發(fā)現(xiàn)的最早的青銅酒器之一,已被寫進(jìn)中國(guó)歷史教科書。那件鑲嵌綠松石獸面紋銅牌飾,發(fā)現(xiàn)于死者骨架胸前,四五百片綠松石鑲粘在鏤空銅框架上,工藝精美絕倫,圖案古樸粗獷,極為罕見(jiàn)。
商代都城西亳遺址于1983年在洛陽(yáng)偃師尸鄉(xiāng)溝發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí),在國(guó)內(nèi)外考古界引起轟動(dòng),被專家稱之為世界奇跡,聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織把它列為1983年世界十七大發(fā)現(xiàn)之一。根據(jù)國(guó)家科研項(xiàng)目夏商周斷代工程的要求,在之后十幾年的發(fā)掘中,這里已發(fā)掘出多個(gè)院落組成的宮殿群,取得重大突破,1997年被國(guó)家文物局公布為全國(guó)十大考古重要發(fā)現(xiàn)之一。西亳都城北依邙山,南臨洛水,商族首領(lǐng)湯滅夏建商后即定都于此,當(dāng)時(shí)是全國(guó)的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化中心。這里展出的遺址地貌全景照、宮城遺址照、四號(hào)殿復(fù)原照和商城墓葬中發(fā)掘出的數(shù)十件隨葬品,給予參觀者以無(wú)限的遐想。
小玉獸大銅鼎皆是國(guó)寶
周王朝時(shí)在洛陽(yáng)先后建有兩座都城,一為王城,一為成周城。經(jīng)過(guò)幾十年的勘探發(fā)掘,兩座城的地域范圍、城區(qū)布局已經(jīng)弄清,部分城墻遺址猶存。周朝在洛陽(yáng)建都的時(shí)間最長(zhǎng),其中西周262年,東周515年,共777年,故埋葬于地下的遺存也特別豐富。2002年發(fā)掘出的周王陵墓陪葬坑——“天子駕六”車馬坑遺存震驚了世界,現(xiàn)已原址原狀地保護(hù)并建成專題博物館向世人開(kāi)放。去年5月在離“天子駕六”車馬坑百余米的國(guó)際貿(mào)易中心大廈基建工程中,又發(fā)掘清理60多座東周墓葬,其中一座距地表14.6米的未成年人墓中,出土了一批稀世珍品,它們被陳列在精華展中,吸引了眾多的參觀者在此俯身細(xì)看,不肯離去。該墓葬出土的116件(組)隨葬品,全皆小巧玲瓏,顯然是為小墓主人定制的。其中有核桃大小的陶鼎、比指甲蓋還小的玉獸、一二厘米長(zhǎng)的小銅虎、小銅人、小銅鳥以及銅鼎、銅壺、銅刀、玉璧、玉環(huán)、玉劍、陶碗、陶鬲、陶罐等,這些小巧別致的工藝品,具有極高的歷史價(jià)值和藝術(shù)價(jià)值。最令人驚奇的是一根近千枚綠松石串成的1.3米長(zhǎng)的串飾,這綠松石大的如麥粒,最小的比小米粒還小,但中間均有穿孔,其制作工藝之精巧,讓現(xiàn)代人也嘆為觀止。墓中還發(fā)現(xiàn)一小塊純藍(lán)顏料,據(jù)專家介紹,東周時(shí)期我國(guó)還不能生產(chǎn)純藍(lán)顏料,因而此物可能來(lái)自西域,這說(shuō)明中原和西域的交流在東周時(shí)期已經(jīng)開(kāi)展。
陳列物中還有一尊高近半米、直徑近1米的大銅鼎,內(nèi)壁鑄有銘文“王作寶尊彝”,器皿雖有破裂縫,但仍是無(wú)價(jià)之寶,原來(lái)它是惟一的一件周王室用品,是2002年初從一座東周王墓中出土的。此墓雖被盜掘過(guò),仍出土青銅器、玉石器、蚌器等文物204件(套)。
出土唐三彩美不勝收
隋唐時(shí)期,洛陽(yáng)作為隋都15年、唐都30年、武周15年、后梁、后唐、后晉19年,共79年。隋唐東都城由于隋煬帝的精心營(yíng)建,唐代帝王又?jǐn)U建重建,致使該城成為洛陽(yáng)歷史上規(guī)模最宏大最壯觀的一座都城。《新唐書·地理志》載:東都城“前直伊闕,后據(jù)邙山,左廛右澗,洛水貫其中。”城周長(zhǎng)26公里,由宮城、皇城、外廓城組成。精華展對(duì)近年來(lái)發(fā)掘的應(yīng)天門遺址、定鼎門遺址、明堂遺址、溫柔坊遺址、白居易故居遺址等均作了介紹,并展出了大量出土文物,尤以彩繪陶器、三彩器為多。三彩是指唐代俑器和陶器上的釉色而言,多以紅、綠、黃為主,也有白、黑、藍(lán)等色。唐代這種藝術(shù)珍品起源并盛產(chǎn)于洛陽(yáng)一帶,陪葬品也多用三彩,此類文物又大都在洛陽(yáng)出土,故有洛陽(yáng)唐三彩之稱。精華展中可見(jiàn)到各式各樣的三彩、如三彩馬、三彩駱駝、三彩牽馬俑、三彩牽駝俑、三彩天王俑、三彩文吏俑、三彩武士俑、三彩騎馬女俑、三彩騎馬男俑、三彩睡俑、三彩坐俑、三彩猴俑、三彩雞俑、三彩瓶等等,真是琳瑯滿目,美不勝收,它折射出盛世大唐文化繁榮的景象。
擺在展廳里的一個(gè)石雕品——石龍首形建筑構(gòu)件,出土于宮城遺址。龍首的鼻子酷似象鼻,故稱象鼻龍,舌頭上卷了一條似在掙扎的小鯉魚,詼諧有趣,整體造型優(yōu)美生動(dòng),雕刻刀法嫻熟,粗獷中透出精細(xì),從一個(gè)側(cè)面反映了隋唐建筑的輝煌壯麗。
“魅力洛陽(yáng)·河洛地區(qū)文物考古成果精華展”,分文物鉆探成果、史前考古成果、都城考古成果、宋西京城考古成果、金元時(shí)期考古成果和援外考古成果六大部分,時(shí)間跨度從遠(yuǎn)古至元明,共展出文物1700余件和大量照片、摹本、模型,是洛陽(yáng)有史以來(lái)規(guī)模最大、精品最多、品位最高、形式最新的大型文物展覽。
(本文攝影劉航寧)
Exhibition Reveals History of Empire Capital
By Wu Fei, Wang Yifei
Luoyang in central China's Henan Province is famed as a city of capitals. Indeed, no other city in the country has such an early and long history of being the capital of so many dynasties as Luoyang does.
For more than 1,600 years, 13 dynasties set up their royal houses in Luoyang. More than 100 emperors ruled the country from there.
Over the last 50 years and over the last 2 decades in particular, numerous cultural relics and sites have been unearthed in Luoyang. These finds have coned historical records, unraveled some mysteries left over from the past, and clarified some rumors.
On September 30, 2004, an exhibition was held at Luoyang Museum to showcase the archaeological results in Luoyang over the past decades. The exhibits showed the true face of the city of capitals, and the history and culture of the dynasties that once ruled the central empire from Luoyang.
Archaeologists have disinterred more than 36,000 important ancient tombs in the area and 15,000 other relic sites such as palaces, forbidden cities, ash pits, kilns, riverbeds, wells, cells, warehouses, horse pits, and roads.
With 1,700 exhibits plus a large number of photos, copies, and models, the exhibition spanned the millennia from the prehistorical period up to the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). All this made it the largest exhibition of its kind ever held in Luoyang.
At the exhibition were panoramic photographs that showed the sites of the palaces or forbidden cities, bringing back the lost grandeur and glory of the past dynasties. One of the sites is the capital site of the Shang Dynasty (C.1600-C.1100 B.C.). It was excavated in 1983 and listed by the UNESCO as one of the world's 17 major archaeological discoveries of the year.
The site of the forbidden city of the Xia Dynasty (C.2100-C.1600 B.C.) was unearthed and was listed as one of the new archaeological finds in China in 2004. Found at the site and displayed at the exhibition were a bronze wine vessel and a bronze plaque ornament embedded with turquoises. Each is among the earliest pieces of its kind ever found in China.
The wine vessel is 22.5 cm in height, 31.3 cm in length. The three feet of the vessel resemble the two feet and tail of a bird. The artifact looks extremely exquisite. The animal-face bronze plaque was discovered in an ancient tomb. It was propped on a pierced bronze frame embedded with about 500 turquoises.
The Zhou Dynasty (C.1100-256 B.C.) was based in Luoyang. The treasures of the dynasty buried are numerous. In 2002, a carriage drawn by 6 horses for the Son of the Heaven was found in a horse pit as the subordinate burial ground to a Zhou empire. The site has been turned into a theme museum.
In May 2004, on a construction site only about 100 meters away from the horse pit, over 60 tombs of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770-256B.C.) were disinterred. One tomb, buried 14.6 meters deep, yielded 116 pieces and sets of rare burial articles.As the buried was a child, all the burial articles are in very small sizes. There are jade animals as small as a finger nail, a pottery tripod as small as a walnut, and bronze tigers, figurines, birds only 1 or 2 cm long.There are also mini-sized bronze, jade, pottery ornaments and tools such as knives, swords, rings, bowls, and kettles. The most amazing article is a 1.3-meter-long beading stringed by nearly 1,000 turquoises. The turquoises are as small as wheat or rice kernels. It is beyond imagination how the tiny holes were made. Also found in the tomb was a small chunk of pure blue pigment. According to experts, China was not yet able to make the pure blue pigment during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. The pigment might have come from somewhere in the West.
The forbidden city of the Sui Dynasty (581-618) was later expanded during the Tang Dynasty (618-907). Unearthed on a very large site, 26 km in circumference, were numerous pieces of Tricolor-Glazed Pottery of the Tang Dynasty. Most of the finds are tomb figures in three colors. These figures range from camels to horses, warriors, officials, horsemen and horsewomen, monkeys, chickens, etc. The exhibition displayed an array of such brilliant funeral objects.
(Translated by David)