主持人語:上輯主要從經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的角度對(duì)成本途徑及其適用范圍進(jìn)行討論,本輯重點(diǎn)結(jié)合評(píng)估中的折舊和重置成本法等易引起誤解的概念對(duì)成本途徑進(jìn)行詮釋。
The cost approach considers the possibility that, as a substitute for the purchase of a given property, one could construct another property that is either a replica of the original or one that could furnish equal utility. One would normally not be justified in paying more for a given property than the cost of acquiring equivalent property, unless undue time, inconvenience, and risk are involved.In practice, the approach also involves an estimate of depreciation for older and /or less functional properties where an estimate of cost new unreasonably exceeds the likely price that would be paid for the appraised property.
成本途徑考慮了這樣一種可能性,即(某人為獲得某財(cái)產(chǎn)),不去購買該財(cái)產(chǎn),而是建造該財(cái)產(chǎn)的復(fù)制品或具有相同功能的財(cái)產(chǎn)。正常情況下,該人不會(huì)為該財(cái)產(chǎn)支付比獲得同樣財(cái)產(chǎn)的成本更高的價(jià)格,除非涉及到不適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)間、不便和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。在實(shí)踐中,如果完全重置成本的估計(jì)不合理地高出為該被評(píng)估財(cái)產(chǎn)所付的可能價(jià)格時(shí),成本途徑也需考慮由于老化和/或功能降低而引起的折舊。
The term depreciation is used in different contexts in valuation and in financial reporting. In the context of asset valuation, depreciation, refers to the adjustment made to the cost of reproducing or replacing the assets to reflect physical deterioration and functional (technical) and economic (external) obsolescence in order to estimate the value of the asset in a hypothetical exchange in the market when there is no direct sales evidence available. In financial reporting depreciation refers to the charge made against income to reflect the systematic allocation of the depreciable amount of an assets over its useful life. It is specific to the particular entity and its utilization of the assets, and is not necessarily affected by the market.Importantly to appraisers, accrued depreciation is a function of an accounting convention and do not necessarily reflect the market. In applying the cost approach, an appraiser estimates the market抯 perception of the difference between the property being appraised and a newly constructed property with optimal utility.
折舊這一術(shù)語在評(píng)估和財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告(會(huì)計(jì))領(lǐng)域中有著不同的應(yīng)用。在資產(chǎn)評(píng)估領(lǐng)域中,折舊是指當(dāng)無法獲得直接的相關(guān)銷售證據(jù)時(shí),為估計(jì)在假定的交易中某資產(chǎn)的價(jià)值,對(duì)重置或更新該項(xiàng)資產(chǎn)的成本所進(jìn)行的調(diào)整,以反映實(shí)體性損耗、功能性(技術(shù)性)和經(jīng)濟(jì)性(外部性)損耗。在財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告領(lǐng)域中,折舊是指為反映某項(xiàng)資產(chǎn)在其有效使用期間系統(tǒng)提取的折舊額,從收入中進(jìn)行的扣除。會(huì)計(jì)中的折舊是與特定的會(huì)計(jì)主體及其對(duì)資產(chǎn)的使用相對(duì)應(yīng)的,并不必然受市場(chǎng)的影響。對(duì)評(píng)估師十分重要的一點(diǎn)是,應(yīng)計(jì)折舊受會(huì)計(jì)原則的影響,并不必然反映市場(chǎng)狀況。評(píng)估師運(yùn)用成本途徑時(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)估算市場(chǎng)對(duì)被評(píng)估財(cái)產(chǎn)與全新建造的、具有更佳功能的財(cái)產(chǎn)之間差異的認(rèn)知。
本期詞匯:
Depreciation折舊。
“Depreciation”在中外會(huì)計(jì)界和評(píng)估界都是混用的術(shù)語,但有著不同的內(nèi)涵,因此往往容易引起混淆。在我國引進(jìn)國外評(píng)估理論和概念的初期,當(dāng)時(shí)的評(píng)估人員主要都是財(cái)務(wù)人員,為避免不必要的混淆和誤解,在相當(dāng)長的時(shí)期內(nèi),我國評(píng)估界通常改稱為損耗或貶值,以區(qū)別于會(huì)計(jì)上依據(jù)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則計(jì)提的折舊。
Depreciation replacement cost DRC 重置成本法。
“DRC”是評(píng)估中的重要概念,但各國評(píng)估界對(duì)其存在不同理解,雖沒有重大的本質(zhì)區(qū)別,但仍會(huì)引起一些歧義,特別是《國際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則》第16號(hào)明確將DRC與收益法作為估測(cè)公允價(jià)值的替代方法后,更容易混淆。主要表現(xiàn)為:
第一, DRC本身可包括兩層不同的意思,一般理解是指一種評(píng)估方法即重置成本法,但在某些國家也可理解為一種價(jià)值類型,即通過重置成本法獲得的基于重置成本的價(jià)值類型。后者觀點(diǎn)雖然是少數(shù),但已經(jīng)足以引起不必要的誤解。
第二,作為一種評(píng)估方法,DRC與COST APPROACH(成本途徑)是什么關(guān)系??jī)烧呤堑韧沁€是包含關(guān)系?對(duì)此各國有不同的理解,體現(xiàn)在專業(yè)書籍中的表述也各不相同,有時(shí)將兩者混為一談,有時(shí)則有所區(qū)別。我國評(píng)估界也長期受此影響而將兩者簡(jiǎn)單等同(見本刊7月期專業(yè)英語第四輯)。
第三:《國際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則16號(hào)----廠場(chǎng)設(shè)備》直接提出了DRC概念,規(guī)定:
If there is no market-based evidence of fair value because of the specialized nature of the item of property, plant and equipment and the item is rarely sold, except as a part of a continuing business, an entity may need to estimate fair value using an income or depreciated replacement cost approach.(IAS 16, para. 33)
如果由于廠場(chǎng)設(shè)備的特殊性,資產(chǎn)除作為持續(xù)經(jīng)營企業(yè)的一個(gè)組成部分外很少進(jìn)行出售,無法獲得公允價(jià)值的市場(chǎng)基礎(chǔ)證據(jù),可以采用收益或重置成本途徑估測(cè)公允價(jià)值。(國際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則16號(hào),第33段)
針對(duì)以上不同的理解,近年來,國際評(píng)估準(zhǔn)則委員會(huì)下設(shè)的準(zhǔn)則技術(shù)委員會(huì)努力進(jìn)行澄清性解釋,其成果體現(xiàn)在《國際評(píng)估準(zhǔn)則2005》中,指出DRC是成本途徑的一種具體(特殊)應(yīng)用,希望這種解釋能夠有助于我國評(píng)估界對(duì)此問題的理解。
DRC is an application of the cost approach used in assessing the value of specialized assets for financial reporting purposes, where direct market evidence is limited or unavailable. (IVS2005, General Valuation Concepts and Principles, 9.4)
重置成本法是直接市場(chǎng)證據(jù)受限或無法獲得的情況下,在以財(cái)務(wù)評(píng)估為目的的業(yè)務(wù)中評(píng)估特殊資產(chǎn)價(jià)值時(shí),對(duì)成本途徑的一種應(yīng)用。(國際評(píng)估準(zhǔn)則2005,基礎(chǔ)評(píng)估概念和原則,第9.4段)